Maintien de la paix et réforme des Nations Unies

Even though substantial administrative and financial changes have been introduced in the United Nations since the early 1980s, the end of the Cold War has brought about a turning point in its process of reform. The impressive growth of UN peacekeeping operations has tipped the balance in favor of major transformations in this field. Indeed, since the publication of the Secretary General’s (Agenda for Peace) many changes have been undertaken and improvements achieved. However much still needs to be done. This paper addresses three particular issues: institutional reforms, organizational reforms and reforms through adjustments. While little will be said on the first two issues, since they are relatively well known and treated elsewhere, this paper will focus on UN'S peacekeeping operations and their actual evolution as a way of assessing the continuing process of reform in the United Nations

European eel (Anguilla anguilla): prediction of spawner escapement from continental population parameters

This paper describes the assessment of silver European eel (Anguilla anguilla) escapement based on a “sedentary” population fraction analysis in a 60-km2 watershed of northern Brittany (France). Downstream migration fluxes were monitored using eel traps and related to environmental factors. Intensive electrofishing and fyke-net fishing were conducted to assess eel biomass, densities, and population structure. A total of 564 eels, including 81 silver eels, were PIT tagged. In 1996, 616 eels were caught in the catchment including 68 silver eels (11%). During the following downstream migration period, 12 of the PIT-tagged silver eels, among a total of 678, were recaptured in the downstream traps. Seven were recaptured in the catchment in 1997. It was shown that (i) only about 20% of the silver eels present in the catchment emigrated during the following year, (ii) 12% stayed in the catchment including two (3.4%) that recovered yellow eel characteristics, and (iii) the other eels either died or settled in the catchment but were not recaptured. It was also estimated that 2% (650 eels) of the population (34 000 eels) among 3000 silver eels considered “emigration candidates” emigrated each year

Femmes immigrantes : problématiques et intervention féministe

L'article traite des principaux problèmes sociaux vécus par les femmes immigrantes et des modalités d'une intervention féministe auprès de ces femmes. La problématique sociale révélée par les écrits et une recherche exploratoire qualitative conduite auprès d'intervenantes sociales des services sociaux publics de la région de Montréal en 1990-1991 a trait principalement à la remise en question / renégociation des rôles sociaux, aux problèmes de santé physique et mentale et à quelques autres problèmes sociaux plus larges. Les modalités d'une intervention féministe auprès des femmes immigrantes sont explicitées autour des trois variables que sont l'analyse des problèmes, les objectifs visés et les stratégies utilisées

La dynamique du terrorisme : Le cas des Brigades rouges

The dynamics of terrorism seem to follow a double track evolution. On the one hand, terrorism presents at the beginning a strong ideological component, particularly in the case of left-wings oriented terrorism. As events unfurl, terrorism drifts further apart from its original objectives. In the final stage, the ideological component relate almost exclusively to the ideology of violence for its own sake. On the other hand, the state ideological commitment to the preservation of the state creates a process whereby terrorism movements are being increasingly « marginalized ». The state administrative legal and political functions bring about a process through which terrorists, henceforth, are perceived as criminals. The case of the Red Brigades in Italy is used to illustrate this double track process