Association between cancer and serum adiponectin level: The review of epidemiologic evidences

زمینه و هدف: آدیپونکتین یکی از آدیپوکین های ترشح شده از بافت چربی است که ویژگی های ضد التهاب، ضد چاقی و ضد دیابت دارد. بررسی های زیادی به ارتباط سطح آدیپونکتین سرم و سرطان های مختلف پرداخته است. هدف مطالعه ی حاضر مروری بر شواهد موجود در مورد ارتباط هورمون آدیپونکتین و سرطان می باشد. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه ی مروری، مقالات با طراحی مورد شاهدی، مقطعی و آینده نگر و با استفاده از موتور جستجوی PubMed در محدوده زمانی بین سال های 2002 تا 2011، توسط استفاده از کلید واژه هایی همچون cancer، malignancy، cell proliferation و adiponectin جستجو شدند. یافته ها: از مجموع 45 مقاله مورد بررسی، شواهد بیان کننده ی ارتباط معکوس میان سطح هورمون آدیپونکتین و خطر سرطان سینه می باشند. این ارتباط در مطالعات مورد -شاهدی و آینده نگر، هم در زنان قبل از سن یائسگی و هم در زنان بعد از سن یائسگی مشاهده شد. خطر سرطان اندومتر در زنانی که سطح آدیپونکتین پلاسمایی بالا داشتند، نسبت به افرادی که سطح پایینی از آدیپونکتین داشتند، کمتر و خطر سرطان پروستات و هایپرپلازی خوش خیم پروستات در مردان با سطح پایین هورمون بیشتر از سایر افراد باشد. مطالعات حاکی از ارتباط معکوس میان غلظت سرمی هورمون آدیپونکتین، با خطر سرطان سرطان کولورکتال است. هم چنین به نظر می رسد ارتباط معکوس میان غلظت آدیپونکتین پلاسما و سرطان پانکراس در مردان وجود داشته باشد. نتیجه گیری: چنین استنباط می‌شود که به نظر می رسد سطح آدیپونکتین سرم ارتباط معکوس قابل ملاحظه ای با خطر سرطان های مختلف داشته باشد. این هورمون از طریق مکانیسم های مختلف، مستقیم یا غیر مستقیم، رشد و تکثیر سلول های سرطانی را مهار می کن

Role of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in type 2 diabetes: a review of epidemiological and clinical studies

The worldwide increasing prevalence oftype 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) poses an immense public health hazard leading to a variety of complications such as cardiovascular diseases, nephropathy and neuropathy. Diet, as a key component of a healthy human lifestyle, plays an important role in the prevention and management of T2DM and its complications. The dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have been associated with various favourable functions such as anti-inflammatory effects, improving endothelial function, controlling the blood pressure, and reducing hypertriglyceridemia and insulin insensitivity. According to some epidemiological studies, a lower prevalence of T2DM was found in populations consuming large amounts of seafood products, which are rich in n-3 PUFAs. However, the evidence on the relation between fish intake, dietary n-3 PUFAs, and risk of T2DM is controversial. Therefore, this paper aimed to review the epidemiological and clinical studies on the role of dietary n-3 PUFAs in T2DM. Also, the limitations of these studies and the need for potential further research on the subject are discussed

Comparison the effect of low glycemic index diet with healthy nutritional recommendations based diet on obese adolescent girls

زمینه و هدف: هر چند مطالعات بسیاری به ارزیابی تأثیر نمایه گلیسمی بر چربی خون در بزرگسالان پرداخته اند، اما اطلاعات در این زمینه برای کودکان و نوجوانان محدود است. هدف این تحقیق مقایسه اثرات رژیم غذایی با نمایه گلیسمی پایین (LGI) با رژیم غذایی مبتنی بر توصیه های تغذیه سالم (HNR) بر سطح فراسنج های لیپیدی و آپولیپوپروتئین ها در نوجوانان دختر مبتلا به اضافه وزن و چاقی بود. روش بررسی: در این مطالعه کارآزمایی بالینی تصادفی شده پنجاه دختر سالم چاق یا دارای اضافه وزن و با وضعیت بلوغ یکسان بطور تصادفی در یکی از دو گروه رژیم غذایی LGI و رژیم غذایی مبتنی بر HNR قرار گرفتند. افراد هر دو گروه، رژیم غذایی با ترکیب مشابهی از درشت مغذی ها (56-53 کربوهیدرات، 18-16 پروتئین و 30-27 چربی) دریافت و مصرف نمودند. ارزیابی های بیوشیمیایی شامل تری گلیسیرید (TG)، کلسترول تام (TC)، لیپوپروتئین با دانسیته پایین (LDL)، لیپوپروتئین با دانسیته بالا (HDL)، آپولیپوپروتئین های A (Apo A) و B (Apo B) و لیپوپروتئین (a) (Lpa) یک بار در ابتدا و یک بار در انتهای مطالعه انجام شد. مقایسه مقادیر قبل و بعد در هر گروه با آزمون t زوجی و مقایسه تغییرات مشاهده شده در دو گروه با آزمون t مستقل در نرم افزار SPSS انجام شد. یافته ها: نمایه گلیسمی در گروه رژیم غذایی LGI کمتر از 50 بود (67/1 ± 67/42). میانگین نمایه توده بدنی در گروه LGI برابر 55/0 ± 97/27 متر بر مجذور قد و در گروه HNR برابر 01/1 ± 82/28 متر بر مجذور قد بود. میانگین سن در افراد گروه HNR از افراد گروه LGI به طور معنی داری بالاتر بود (27/0 ± 98/13 در مقابل 21/0 ± 18/13، 031/0=P). مقادیر متغیرهای بیوشیمیایی در ابتدا و انتهای مطالعه در بین دو گروه با یکدیگر تفاوتی نداشت. درصد تغییرات شاخص های چربی خون در بین گروه LGI و HNR نشان دهنده عدم وجود تفاوت معنی دار در تغییرات TG (به ترتیب 20/17± 90/27 و 53/10 ± 15/6؛ 274/0=P)، TC (به ترتیب 49/4 ± 58/5 و 63/3 ± 65/0-، 283/0=P)، HDL (به ترتیب 05/4 ± 20/1 و 07/3 ± 77/1-، 556/0=P)، LDL (به ترتیب 52/4 ± 35/4 و 32/3 ± 24/2-، 225/0=P)، Apo A (به ترتیب 73/5 ± 18/0- و 19/5 ± 37/9-؛ 242/0=P)، Apo B (به ترتیب 22/7±24/10 و 40/7±73/6؛ 738/0=P) و Lpa (به ترتیب 13/40 ±71/57 و 24/47 ± 18/97، 676/0=P) در بین دو گروه بود. نتیجه گیری: رژیم غذایی با نمایه گلیسمی پایین در مقایسه با رژیم غذایی مبتنی بر توصیه های تغذیه سالم تاثیر مفیدی در چربی خون ندارد

White Rice Consumption and CVD Risk Factors among Iranian Population

Association between white rice intake and risk factors of cardiovascular diseases remained uncertain. Most of the previous published studies have been done in western countries with different lifestyles, and scant data are available from the Middle East region, including Iran. This cross-sectional study was conducted in the structure of Isfahan Healthy Heart Program (IHHP) to assess the association between white rice consumption and risk factors of cardiovascular diseases. In the present study, 3,006 men were included from three counties of Isfahan, Najafabad, and Arak by multistage cluster random-sampling method. Dietary intake was assessed with a 49-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Laboratory assessment was done in a standardized central laboratory. Outcome variables were fasting blood glucose, serum lipid levels, and anthropometric variables. Socioeconomic and demographic data, physical activity, and body mass index (BMI) were considered covariates and were adjusted in analysis. In this study, Student's t-test, chi-square test, and logistic regression were used for statistical analyses. Means of BMI among those subjects who consumed white rice less than 7 times per week and people who consumed 7-14 times per week were almost similar-24.8 +/- 4.3 vs 24.5 +/- 4.7 kg/m(2). There was no significant association between white rice consumption and risk factors of cardiovascular diseases, such as fasting blood sugar and serum lipid profiles. Although whole grain consumption has undeniable effect on preventing cardiovascular disease risk, white rice consumption was not associated with cardiovascular risks among Iranian men in the present study. Further prospective studies with a semi-quantitative FFQ or dietary record questionnaire, representing type and portion-size of rice intake as well as cooking methods and other foods consumed with rice that affect glycaemic index (GI) of rice, are required to support our finding and to illustrate the probable mechanism

Plant protein substitution for animal protein and its association with cardiovascular risk factors and inflammatory biomarkers in elderly men: A substitution analysis

BACKGROUND:: Substituting different types of protein intake may be associated with cardiovascular risk factors and inflammatory biomarkers. However, there are few studies conducted on elders and the findings are contradictory. OBJECTIVE:: We decided to examine the association of substituting plant protein for animal protein with cardiovascular risk factors and inflammatory biomarkers among elderly men. METHOD:: The current cross-sectional study included 357 elderly men chosen from health centres in southern Tehran, Iran. They provide written consent to be included in the study. We used a validated and reliable food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to assess dietary intake. All biochemical factors like lipid profile, fasting blood sugar (FBS), high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin 6 (IL6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured. Waist circumference (WC) and blood pressure (BP) were also assessed. The substitution analysis by STATA was used to examine the aforementioned association. RESULTS:: Substituting animal protein with plant protein had significant beneficial association with WC (OR: –4.28; 95% CI: –8.51, –0.62; Ptrend = 0.047) and LDL/HDL (OR: –0.26; 95% CI: –0.48, –0.05; Ptrend = 0.018). CONCLUSION:: In elderly men, substituting animal protein with plant protein had favorable association with some of cardiovascular risk factors including WC and LDL/HDL but there was no significant association for inflammatory biomarkers

Dietary acid load and cardiometabolic risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies

OBJECTIVE: Dietary acid load (DAL) might contribute to change the levels of cardiometabolic risk factors; however, the results are conflicting. The present review was conducted to determine the relationship between DAL and cardiometabolic risk factors. DESIGN: Systematic review and meta-analysis. SETTING: A systematic search was conducted in electronic databases including ISI Web of Science, PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus and Google Scholar for observational studies which assessed cardiometabolic risk factors across DAL. Outcomes were lipid profile, glycaemic factors and anthropometric indices. Effect sizes were derived using a fixed- or random-effect model (DerSimonian-Laird). Also, subgroup analysis was performed to find the probable source of heterogeneity. Egger's test was performed for finding any publication bias. RESULTS: Thirty-one studies were included in the current review with overall sample size of 92 478. There was a significant relationship between systolic blood pressure (SBP; weighted mean difference (WMD) = 1.74 (95 CI 0.25, 3.24) mmHg; P = 0.022; I 2 = 95.3 ), diastolic blood pressure (DBP; WMD = 0.75 (95 CI 0.07, 1.42) mmHg; P = 0.030; I 2 = 80.8 ) and DAL in cross-sectional studies. Serum lipids, glycaemic parameters including fasting blood sugar, glycated Hb, serum insulin, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance and waist circumference had no significant relationship with DAL. No publication bias was found. BMI was not associated with DAL in both cross-sectional and cohort studies. CONCLUSIONS: Higher DAL is associated with increased SBP and DBP. More studies are needed to find any relationship of DAL with lipid profile and glycaemic factors

Dietary Total Antioxidant Capacity and Risk of Gastrointestinal Cancers: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Observational Studies

Background: Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers are common types of cancers. Among different factors that affect the etiology of GI cancers, diet has an important contribution. Dietary antioxidants decrease oxidative stress which plays a pivotal role in carcinogenesis. Several studies assessed the relation between dietary total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and risk of GI cancers. Dietary TAC was measured by three indices including FRAP (ferric ion reducing antioxidant power), TRAP (total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter), and TEAC (trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity). We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of published studies to determine the association between dietary TAC and GI cancers risk. Methods: Eligible studies were selected from PubMed, ISI Web of Science and Scopus databases from inception until May 2018. Case-control and cohort studies that reported GI cancer risk estimates for dietary TAC were included. We ignored the distinction between case-control and cohort studies. We applied random-effects to estimate pooled relative risks. Subgroup analysis was done based on study design. Results: Among the seven observational studies that were included, four were cohort studies and three were case-control studies. Dietary FRAP, TRAP, and TEAC reduced GI cancer risk: FRAP; 0.71; 95 CI: 0.58-0.85, TRAP; 0.65; 95 CI: 0.57-0.75, TEAC; 0.70; 95 CI: 0.59-0.83, respectively. Conclusion: This study indicated that dietary TAC significantly decreased the risk of GI cancers. Nevertheless, further prospective studies are required to clarify the association between dietary TAC and risk of GI cancers

The Association of Potato Consumption and Psychological Disorders in Women: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Previous studies reported controversial findings regarding the association of potato consumption with the risk of chronic diseases. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of potato consumption with depression, anxiety, and stress in Tehrani women. Methods: In this crosssectional study, 488 women aged 20-50 years old who referred to health centers affiliated with Tehran University of Medical Sciences were selected by multistage cluster sampling. Their usual dietary intake in the past year was evaluated using a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire containing 168 items with confirmed validity and reliability. Psychological disorders were assessed using a validated Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales (DASS) questionnaires with 21-items. In the logistic regression analysis, the results were adjusted to the confounding factors. Results: After adjustment of the confounding variables, consuming potatoes had no significant association with depression (P = 0.12), anxiety (P = 0.19), and stress (P = 0.63). Furthermore, consuming boiled potatoes had no significant association with depression (P = 0.59), anxiety (P = 0.19), and stress (P = 0.37). Intake of fried potatoes had no relationship with depression (P = 0.16), anxiety (P = 0.27), and stress (P = 0.97). Conclusion: Potato consumption has no significant relationship with depression anxiety and stress in Tehrani women. © 2020. All Rights Reserved

Association of Maternal Serum Vitamin D Level with Risk of Pregnancy-Related Complications and Neonatal Anthropometric Measures: A Prospective Observational Study

Background: Body of evidence is increasing about the importance of Vitamin D (VD) for normal development of the fetus and for maternal health. As limited data are available regarding the association between maternal VD level and pregnancy-related complications and neonatal anthropometric measures, the present study aimed to evaluate the neonatal anthropometric measures including weight, high, and head circumference and pregnancy-related complications such as preeclampsia, blood pressure, gestational diabetes mellitus, and nausea and vomiting in pregnancy with 25(OH)VD level. Methods: The current prospective observational study was conducted among 812 Iranian pregnant women during the first trimester in Isfahan, Iran. Needed data were collected using validated questionnaires and biochemical examinations. Results: Overall, this study demonstrated an inverse significant association between VD level and chance of having low-weight infant in the adjusted model (odds ratio OR: 0.03, 95% confidence interval CI: 0.004-0.26, P < 0.001) in the first VD assessment. The same results were obtained in the second VD assessment (OR: 0.08, 95% CI: 0.01-0.40, P < 0.01). However, such associations were not seen about other neonatal measures and pregnancy-related complications. Conclusions: We found that low maternal VD level might be associated with risk of low-weight infant. Such findings could be considered to implement informative interventional programs to control newborn adverse outcomes. Further studies are required to confirm these findings

The ratio of dietary diversity score versus energy density in relation to anthropometric and biochemical variables among patients with chronic kidney diseases

Background: Some evidence showed that dietary diversity score (DDS), a diet quality index, was not always related to healthy outcomes. It seems that DDS to energy density ratio (DDS/ED) can overcome limitations of DDS. The aim of current study was to assess the association between either dietary DDS or DDS/ED and nutrient intake, anthropometric and biochemical measures in subjects with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Methods: Two hundred seventy patients with CKD were randomly selected for this cross-sectional study. Dietary intakes were assessed using a 168-item semi quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Moreover, anthropometric indices, lipid profile, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and high sensitivity C-reactive protein were measured. Results: Body mass index (BMI) had a significant negative trend across quartiles of DDS and DDS/ED. Also, a negative trend for waist circumference was observed across quartiles of DDS/ED. Although the trends of selenium (P<0.01) and niacin (P=0.03) were significant across the quartiles of DDS, higher nutrient adequacy ratios for all important nutrients were observed among those in the top quartile of DDS/ED compared to the lowest quartile. We observed a significant trend of mean adequacy ratio just across quartiles of DDS/ED. Compared with the top quartile of DDS/ED (not DDS), the risk of overweight/obesity in the lowest quartiles was higher in adjusted model (P<0.001). The trend of the risk of elevated lipid profiles, BUN and hs-CRP across quartiles of DDS/ED and quartiles of DDS was not significant. Conclusion: Our results showed that DDS/ED corrected the failure of DDS in relation to risk of obesity. Moreover, it was observed that DDS/ED was better indicator of nutrient intake in comparison with DDS among patients with CKD. It is suggested that future studies use DDS/ED instead of DDS. Also, in clinical practice, dietitians should emphasize on diversity in low energy-dense food groups