Sifat Serologik Sejumlah Isolat Gumboro yang Berasal dari Wilayah Padat Ternak Ayam di Indonesia

Biakan sel fibroblas embrio ayam yang dibuat dari embrio berumur 9 sampai 10 hari, yang bebas patogen tertentu digunakan untuk mengisolasi virus IBD dari beberapa tempatdi pulau Jawa, Medan, Lampung, Bali dan Maros. Virus diisolasi dari bursa Fabricius ayam penderita IBD. Sedangkan sera hiperimun dibuat dari cavia yang disuntik dengandosis 104 sampai 106 TCID50 masing-masing isolat virus. Uji netralisasi virus dilakukan dengan cara virus konstan dan antibodi bervariasi. Dari hasil uji netralisasi dan uji keterkaitan antigen dari 25 isolat virus yang telah dimurnikan terhadap ke 25 serum kebalnya dapat ditetapkan 3 isolat virus IBD yang tidak mempunyai keterkaitan antarasatu dengan lainnya. Ketiga isolat itu merupakan subtipe yang berbeda dan dapat digunakan sebagai bakal virus bibit untuk membuat vaksin. Diharapkan bahwa vaksin yang dibuat dari ketiga virus Gumboro tadi, tidak hanya mampu mencegah penyakit karena infeksi virus IBD yang 25 isolat itu, tetapi juga akibat virus IBD lainnya yang ada di Indonesia. Vaksin tersebut akan merupakan kombinasi dari 3 isolat virus 19.13 dan 11 atau 19.5 dan 11

Exploring the context of consultation: The case of local air quality management

The Environment Act of 1995 (Part IV) requires local authorities to review and assess air quality in their area of jurisdiction and to determine locations where concentrations of defined pollutants exceed. The ongoing review and assessment process is one of the largest locally based science policy and science consultation initiatives undertaken in the UK. Combining a questionnaire-based survey with in depth case studies has allowed an exploration of the process and the development of better practice guidance for such consultation initiatives. The research suggests that while there are no simple solutions to the dilemma of how best to engage the public in such consultations, there are steps that can be taken to improve consultation. Key factors that facilitate local community participation in such processes include a wellinformed and adequately resourced local community and an explicit connection between participatory and decision-making processes. Although the research focused on local air quality management as a case study of consultation mechanisms, the outcomes will be relevant to other locally based environmental management issues. © 2010 Taylor & Francis

Local air quality management as a risk management process: Assessing, managing and remediating the risk of exceeding an air quality objective in Great Britain

Air quality is managed in Great Britain via an effects-based, risk management process designed to provide a dynamic solution to public health issues associated with elevated concentrations of seven specified air pollutants. This paper is concerned with an examination and evaluation of the process of Local Air Quality Management (LAQM) in Great Britain from the late 1980s to date as a risk management process. The statutory basis of LAQM process is provided by the Environment Act 1995. The Act provides a framework in which national and local actions are required to identify and remediate areas of poor air quality. Within this framework, the implementation of the process at national and local levels is considered, leading to an identification and assessment of risks in the formulation and implementation of air quality management policy and practice. Local Authorities began the process of Review and Assessment in 1999 and the first round of the process concluded in 2001. Following this, some 129 Local Authorities declared one or more Air Quality Management Areas (AQMAs). The Review and Assessment elements of the framework were subjected to an evaluation in 2001 and the essential elements of it were confirmed as fit for purpose. The evaluation led to a confirmation of the process of LAQM but also a simplification based on the experience of Round 1. Now, a two step process is required comprising of an Updating and Screening Assessment and, where a risk of exceeding an Air Quality Objective (AQO) is identified, a Detailed Assessment follows. The Government has identified a time scale for Review and Assessment through to 2010 and also introduced the requirement of a regular Progress Report in order that a Local Authority is able to address routine matters of air quality management. The risks inherent in epidemiological or scientific uncertainty are factored into the LAQM process at an early stage of the process and, by identifying the risks and subjecting them to regular review, the process provides a 'level playing field' across spatial and temporal scales. Whilst the process of LAQM described in this paper has been developed for Great Britain, the generic elements of the process are applicable to other countries challenged by air pollution problems which require both national and local action to resolve them. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Serological Investigation on Swollen Head Syndrome in Indonesia

Clinical signs indicated that Swollen Head Syndrome (SHS) was suspected to be present in Indonesia. Serological investigation was carried out by collecting a number of 242 serum samples from Tangerang, Bogor, Cianjurm Ciawi, Cicurug dan Magelang, tested using serum neutralization (SN) test. The results of SN test indicated that SHS has been identified in these investigation areas. Based on the fact that these are the center for parent stock breeders it could be suspected taht the disease might have been speread to several areas of chicken farms in this country.It would be wise if a control program be formulated since this time, to ensure that everything is well prepared in case SHS situation develops into unfavorable condition

Production and consumption responses to policy interventions in Tanzania's dairy industry

The study uses a partial equilibrium model of Tanzania’s informal dairy value chain to determine the benefits to milk producers and consumers from three policy interventions proposed in the Tanzania Livestock Modernization Initiative (TLMI). Using aggregate time series data to simulate the model, the study finds that from an individual policy perspective, expanding the national herd would produce the largest benefits for producers and consumers; producers would gain over 550 million shillings annually and consumers would gain about 35 shillings per capita. Comparing the other two interventions, consumers would benefit more from a better regulatory environment than from a reduction in cow prices, while producers would benefit more from a reduction in cow prices than from better regulations. If all policies are implemented simultaneously, even greater benefits would be realised; consumer surplus would increase by 85 shillings annually and producer surplus would increase by over one billion shillings in real terms. The results suggest that policy interventions outlined in the TLMI that address supply constraints are critical to developing the country’s dairy industry