Pharmacokinetics, Bioavailability, and Tissue Distribution Study of Angoroside C and Its Metabolite Ferulic Acid in Rat Using UPLC-MS/MS

Angoroside C is a phenylpropanoid glycoside compound isolated from the dried root of Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl., which possesses the effects of preventing ventricular remodeling, reducing pulmonary oedema, and reducing blood pressure, as well as having the properties of anti-platelet aggregation, hepatoprotection and anti-nephritis, etc. However, few investigations have been conducted on the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) study of angoroside C. Thus, a fast ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was established for the determination of angoroside C and its metabolite ferulic acid in rat plasma and tissue homogenate. The two analytes were extracted from the biosamples using a simple protein precipitation with acetonitrile. The developed method was validated and successfully applied to the pharmacokinetics, bioavailability and tissue distribution study after the intragastric administration of angoroside C (100 mg/kg) or the intravenous administration of angoroside C (5 mg/kg), respectively. The results showed that angoroside C can be absorbed extremely quickly (Tmax = 15 min), can be eliminated very rapidly (t1/2 = 1.26 h), and its oral bioavailability is only about 2.1%. Furthermore, angoroside C was extensively distributed in all main organs (liver, heart, spleen, lung, kidney, and brain), and the highest concentration was detected in the lung 15 min after oral administration. This paper also indicated that angoroside C could be converted to the active metabolite ferulic acid in vivo. The maximum concentrations of ferulic acid in the kidney occurred at 6 h after oral administration. In summary, this study explored some of the pharmacokinetic characteristics of angoroside C in vivo, and the data produced could provide a basis for the further investigation of angoroside C

Effect of CMP Pad and Slurry to STI and ILD Polishing

STI (Shallow-Trench-Isolation) and ILD (Inter-layer-Dielectric polishing steps are important polish stages in FEOL (Front-End- of-Line) due to the early stage of transistor device formation. In recent years, ceria based slurries have been used in STI and ILD applications, and the slurry has demonstrated self-stopping capability for better planarization efficiency and wider process window. Many studies have been done on the mechanism of why ceria has better selectivity than silica, particularly at the interface between wafer and abrasive interaction. This paper will focus on the effect of pad properties as well as slurry additives through a detailed pad characterization and slurry formulation study of ceria-based slurry. Polishing tests have been performed to investigate the interaction between wafer, slurry and pad through in-situ friction coefficient measurements. Consumables selection recommendation and polishing mechanism will be discussed as well in this paper.</jats:p

Effect of CMP Pad and Slurry to STI and ILD Polishing

Abstract not Available.</jats:p

Large-Capacity Reversible Watermarking Algorithm for Medical Image Based on Block Histogram of Difference

This paper proposes a high-capacity reversible watermarking algorithm for medical image analysis based on the difference block histogram, which will benefit the medical image authentication and doctor–patient confidentiality. By dividing the original medical image into blocks, the method displaces the peak point of a block's histogram of difference and embeds multi-bit information at 1 pixel point. In so doing, secret communication and storage of large-capacity invisible medical diagnoses and patients personal confidential data can be achieved. Once the watermark is extracted, not only the image integrity is authenticated, but also the original image and personal data of the patient can be recovered in a nondestructive way. With low computational complexity, a high embedding capacity and little demand for auxiliary information, the proposed algorithm is highly secure and practical. </jats:p