Intensity of Social Media Use on Anxiety Level of Preclinic Students, Faculty of Medicine, Muslim University of Indonesia

Social media, which was originally created to facilitate communication and strengthen relationships between individuals, sometimes has a negative impact. Several factors have contributed to the increase in symptoms. anxiety and decreased individual well-being, such as increased time spent on sites, comparing social status, receiving negative feedback, posting related news stress, and feelings of being under pressure. Research Objectives This to determine the intensity of social media use on the anxiety level of preclinical students of the Faculty of Medicine. The sample in this study were participants in the Medical Education Program of the Faculty of Medicine, Muslim University of Indonesia. The research subjects then filled in questionnaire that has been given in the form of Google Form. The collected data was processed and analyzed using SPSS 23. The results of the study show that the distribution of respondents' answers and the variable correlation test obtained a p value (0.003) <0.05, which means that there is a correlation between SNAIS and GAD with an r value of 0.225. Thus, according to the hypothesis, the higher the intensity of social media use, the higher the anxiety. Based on results Research There is a significant correlation between GAD and SNAIS scores, so the higher the intensity of social media use, the higher the anxiety

ANALISIS EFEKTIVITAS BIAYA PENGGUNAAN RISPERIDONE KOMBINASI DAN HALOPERIDOL KOMBINASI PADA PASIEN SKIZOFRENIA DI RSJ. DR. V. L. RATUMBUYSANG PROVINSI SULAWESI UTARA

Skizofrenia adalah gangguan jiwa berat dan kronis yang signifikan dihubungkan dengan masalah kesehatan jangka panjang, sosial dan beban keuangan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan analisis efektivitas biaya penggunaan risperidone kombinasi dan haloperidol kombinasi pada pasien skizofrenia di RSJ. Prof. DR. V. L. Ratumbuysang Provinsi Sulawesi Utara pada bulan April-Juli 2018. Data dikumpulkan secara retrospektif dan prospektif. Efektifitas pengobatan diukur menggunakan instrumen Positive and Negative Scala Score (PANSS). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rerata biaya total kelompok risperidone kombinasi maupun haloperidol kombinasi secara statistik tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan (p=1,35). Outcome kilinik kelompok risperidone kombinasi berdasarkan persen penurunan PANSS signifikan lebih baik dibandingkan kelompok haloperidol kombinasi dengan nilai p = 0,002. Berdasarkan perolehan Rasio Efektifitas Biaya (REB) risperidone kombinasi menjadi pilihan yang dominan dibandingkan kelompok haloperidol kombinasi

Yokukansan promotes hippocampal neurogenesis associated with the suppression of activated microglia in Gunn rat

Abstract Background The pathophysiology of schizophrenia (SCZ) remains unclear, and its treatment is far from ideal. We have previously reported that yokukansan (YKS), which is a traditional Japanese medicine, is effective as an adjunctive therapy for SCZ. However, the mechanisms underlying the action of YKS have not yet been completely elucidated. A recent meta-analysis study has shown that adjuvant anti-inflammatory drugs are effective for SCZ treatment, and it has been proposed that some of the cognitive deficits associated with inflammation may in part be related to inflammation-induced reductions in adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Although certain ingredients of YKS have potent anti-inflammatory activity, no study has determined if YKS has anti-inflammatory properties. Methods Using the Gunn rat, which has been reported as a possible animal model of SCZ, we investigated whether YKS affects cognitive dysfunction in an object-location test and the suppression of microglial activation and neurogenesis in the hippocampus. Results We found that YKS ameliorated spatial working memory in the Gunn rats. Furthermore, YKS inhibited microglial activation and promoted neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of these rats. These results suggest that the ameliorative effects of YKS on cognitive deficits may be mediated in part by the suppression of the inflammatory activation of microglia. Conclusions These findings shed light on the possible mechanism underlying the efficacy of YKS in treating SCZ. </jats:sec

Electroconvulsive shock attenuated microgliosis and astrogliosis in the hippocampus and ameliorated schizophrenia-like behavior of Gunn rat

BACKGROUND: Although electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is regarded as one of the efficient treatments for intractable psychiatric disorders, the mechanism of therapeutic action remains unclear. Recently, many studies indicate that ECT affects the immune-related cells, such as microglia, astrocytes, and lymphocytes. Moreover, microglial activation and astrocytic activation have been implicated in the postmortem brains of schizophrenia patients. We previously demonstrated that Gunn rats showed schizophrenia-like behavior and microglial activation in their brains. The present study examined the effects of electroconvulsive shock (ECS), an animal counterpart of ECT, on schizophrenia-like behavior, microgliosis, and astrogliosis in the brain of Gunn rats. METHODS: The rats were divided into four groups, i.e., Wistar sham, Wistar ECS, Gunn sham, and Gunn ECS. ECS groups received ECS once daily for six consecutive days. Subsequently, prepulse inhibition (PPI) test was performed, and immunohistochemistry analysis was carried out to determine the activation degree of microglia and astrocytes in the hippocampus by using anti-CD11b and anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) antibody, respectively. RESULTS: We found PPI deficit in Gunn rats compared to Wistar rats, and it was significantly improved by ECS. Immunohistochemistry analysis revealed that immunoreactivity of CD11b and GFAP was significantly increased in Gunn rats compared to Wistar rats. ECS significantly attenuated the immunoreactivity of both CD11b and GFAP in Gunn rats. CONCLUSIONS: ECS ameliorated schizophrenia-like behavior of Gunn rats and attenuated microgliosis and astrogliosis in the hippocampus of Gunn rats. Accordingly, therapeutic effects of ECT may be exerted, at least in part, by inhibition of glial activation. These results may provide crucial information to elucidate the role of activated glia in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and to determine whether future therapeutic interventions should attempt to up-regulate or down-regulate glial functions. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0688-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users

Morphological features of microglial cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of Gunn rat: a possible schizophrenia animal model

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Schizophrenia is a debilitating and complex mental disorder whose exact etiology remains unknown. There is growing amount of evidence of a relationship between neuroinflammation, as demonstrated by microglial activation, and schizophrenia. Our previous studies have proposed that hyperbilirubinemia plays a role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Furthermore, we suggested the Gunn rat, an animal model of bilirubin encephalopathy, as a possible animal model of schizophrenia. However, the effects of unconjugated bilirubin on microglia, the resident immune cell of the CNS, in Gunn rats have never been investigated. In the present study, we examined how microglial cells respond to bilirubin toxicity in adult Gunn rats.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Using immunohistochemical techniques, we compared the distribution, morphology, and ultrastructural features of microglial cells in Gunn rats with Wistar rats as a normal control. We also determined the ratio of activated and resting microglia and observed microglia-neuron interactions. We characterized the microglial cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We found that microglial cells showed activated morphology in the hilus, subgranular zone, and granular layer of the Gunn rat hippocampal dentate gyrus. There was no significant difference between cell numbers between in Gunn rats and controls. However, there was significant difference in the area of CD11b expression in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Ultrastructurally, microglial cells often contained rich enlarged rich organelles in the cytoplasm and showed some phagocytic function.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>We propose that activation of microglia could be an important causal factor of the behavioral abnormalities and neuropathological changes in Gunn rats. These findings may provide basic information for further assessment of the Gunn rat as an animal model of schizophrenia.</p

AN ANALYSIS OF SHEILA'S CHARACTER IN ONE CHILD BY TOREY HAYDEN

AN ANALYSIS OF SHEILA'S CHARACTER IN ONE CHILD BY TOREY HAYDE

Morphological features of microglial cells in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of Gunn rat: a possible schizophrenia animal model

博士（医学）博士（医学）島根大

ANALISIS EFEKTIVITAS BIAYA PENGGUNAAN RISPERIDONE KOMBINASI DAN HALOPERIDOL KOMBINASI PADA PASIEN SKIZOFRENIA DI RSJ. DR. V. L. RATUMBUYSANG PROVINSI SULAWESI UTARA

Skizofrenia adalah gangguan jiwa berat dan kronis yang signifikan dihubungkan dengan masalah kesehatan jangka panjang, sosial dan beban keuangan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan analisis efektivitas biaya penggunaan risperidone kombinasi dan haloperidol kombinasi pada pasien skizofrenia di RSJ. Prof. DR. V. L. Ratumbuysang Provinsi Sulawesi Utara pada bulan April-Juli 2018. Data dikumpulkan secara retrospektif dan prospektif. Efektifitas pengobatan diukur menggunakan instrumen Positive and Negative Scala Score (PANSS). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rerata biaya total kelompok risperidone kombinasi maupun haloperidol kombinasi secara statistik tidak menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan (p=1,35). Outcome kilinik kelompok risperidone kombinasi berdasarkan persen penurunan PANSS signifikan lebih baik dibandingkan kelompok haloperidol kombinasi dengan nilai p = 0,002. Berdasarkan perolehan Rasio Efektifitas Biaya (REB) risperidone kombinasi menjadi pilihan yang dominan dibandingkan kelompok haloperidol kombinasi.</jats:p