Communities as allies

A popular axiom attributed to British policing is the police are the public and the public are the police. Inherent in this term is a blurring of the distinction between the police and the public they serve; the police are cast as being little different from the citizenry and citizens are cast into a role of responsibility for the safety and well-being of the community. In effect, communities are framed as allies in the fight to ensure safe and secure neighborhoods. Across space and time this idea has held uneven sway within American policing ideologies. This essay considers the relationship between the police and the policed, as well as how that relationship might be influenced be technological and social evolutions. The essay begins with an overview of the very notion of ―community‖ and their relationship with crime and disorder. This is followed by a brief review of the historical trajectory of police-community interactions within American policing. We then consider how emerging and future technologies might modify what ―community‖ means. The essay concludes with a consideration of police and community interactions and partnerships in the digital age

Falling Down: The Influence Of Traffic Patterns And Availability Of Emergency Medical Service Personnel On The Lethality Of Violent Encounters

This study investigates the impact of traffic patterns and the availability of emergency medical services on the lethality of violent interpersonal encounters. Key situational and contextual factors are controlled using the criminal events perspective. Data were taken from the 2002 National Incident-Based Reporting System of the FBI, as well as from fire/rescue and EMS services of Memphis, TN, Cincinnati, OH, and Richmond, VA. Additive models of logistic regression analysis revealed that fire/rescue availability, firearm use, incidents arising out of arguments, outdoor locations, and victim gender are the most consistent predictors of whether or not a violent incident will result in a homicide

Predictors Of Firearm Use And Effects Of Weaponry On Victim Injury In Violent Crime: A Criminal Events Approach

This study, framed in the criminal events perspective, investigates situational and contextual factors of violent interpersonal encounters that impact the likelihood of offender weapon usage and, when a weapon is used, the likelihood that it will be a firearm. Furthermore, this study examines the effects that weapons have on levels of victim injury along with other factors that may impact injury independent of weapon use. Three specific topics of interest are addressed: whether or not black offenders were more likely to make use of a firearm, what factors impact firearm use amongst female offenders, and if the findings of Kleck and McElrath (1991), which stated that firearm use largely prevents injury, but when victim injury does occur, it is more likely to be lethal, could be replicated using a more recent and comprehensive source of information. Data were collected from the National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). Findings were that black offenders were more likely to use firearms, but this pattern is essentially limited to black male offenders. Female offenders were more likely to use a firearm against a stranger and during the course of a robbery. Finally, firearm use was associated with a decrease in the likelihood of a victim suffering nonlethal injury, but when injury did occur, firearms significantly increased the chances of victim death. Theoretical and policy implications and suggestions for future research are also discussed

By popular demand: what people want from a resource efficient economy

To make a successful transition to a low carbon, resource efficient economy, businesses and governments need to understand what people value and want from the products and services they use. This report presents findings from research carried out by the Centre for Industrial Energy, Materials and Products (CIE-MAP) on public attitudes towards policies intended to improve resource efficiency. The analysis is based on a detailed, representative survey and focus group data collected between 2016 and 2018. Significantly, the research shows that measures offering the biggest carbon savings, and over which the government has most control, are those that are most popular with the public. Here, we demonstrate how government and businesses can make the most of the opportunity offered by resource efficiency for household goods to improve material use and reduce emissions

Meta-analysis of four new genome scans for lipid parameters and analysis of positional candidates in positive linkage regions

Lipid levels in plasma strongly influence the risk for coronary heart disease. To localise and subsequently identify genes affecting lipid levels, we performed four genome-wide linkage scans followed by combined linkage/association analysis. Genome-scans were performed in 701 dizygotic twin pairs from four samples with data on plasma levels of HDL- and LDL-cholesterol and their major protein constituents, apolipoprotein AI (ApoAI) and Apolipoprotein B (ApoB). To maximise power, the genome scans were analysed simultaneously using a well-established meta-analysis method that was newly applied to linkage analysis. Overall LOD scores were estimated using the means of the sample-specific quantitative trait locus (QTL) effects inversely weighted by the standard errors obtained using an inverse regression method. Possible heterogeneity was accounted for with a random effects model. Suggestive linkage for HDL-C was observed on 8p23.1 and 12q21.2 and for ApoAI on 1q21.3. For LDL-C and ApoB, linkage regions frequently coincided (2p24.1, 2q32.1, 19p13.2 and 19q13.31). Six of the putative QTLs replicated previous findings. After fine mapping, three maximum LOD scores mapped within 1cM of major candidate genes, namely APOB (LOD =2.1), LDLR (LOD =1.9) and APOE (LOD =1.7). APOB haplotypes explained 27% of the QTL effect observed for LDL-C on 2p24.1 and reduced the LOD-score by 0.82. Accounting for the effect of the LDLR and APOE haplotypes did not change the LOD score close to the LDLR gene but abolished the linkage signal at the APOE gene. In conclusion, application of a new meta-analysis approach maximised the power to detect QTLs for lipid levels and improved the precision of their location estimate. © 2005 Nature Publishing Group. All rights reserved

Threatened but not conserved: flying-fox roosting and foraging habitat in Australia

Conservation relies upon a primary understanding of changes in a species' population size, distribution, and habitat use. Bats represent about one in five mammal species in the world, but understanding for most species is poor. For flying-foxes, specifically the 66 Pteropus species globally, 31 are classified as threatened (Vulnerable, Endangered, Critically Endangered) on the IUCN Red List. Flying-foxes typically aggregate in colonies of thousands to hundreds of thousands of individuals at their roost sites, dispersing at sunset to forage on floral resources (pollen, nectar, and fruit) in nearby environments. However, understanding of flying-fox roosting habitat preferences is poor, hindering conservation efforts in many countries. In this study, we used a database of 654 known roost sites of the four flying-fox species that occur across mainland Australia to determine the land-use categories and vegetation types in which roost sites were found. In addition, we determined the land-use categories and vegetation types found within the surrounding 25 km radius of each roost, representing primary foraging habitat. Surprisingly, for the four species most roosts occurred in urban areas (42-59%, n = 4 species) followed by agricultural areas (21-31%). Critically, for the two nationally listed species, only 5.2% of grey-headed and 13.9% of spectacled flying-fox roosts occurred in habitat within protected areas. Roosts have previously been reported to predominantly occur in rainforest, mangrove, wetland, and dry sclerophyll vegetation types. However, we found that only 20-35% of roosts for each of the four species occurred in these habitats. This study shows that flying-fox roosts overwhelmingly occurred within human-modified landscapes across eastern Australia, and that conservation reserves inadequately protect essential habitat of roosting and foraging flying-foxes

By popular demand: what people want from a resource efficient economy

To make a successful transition to a low carbon, resource efficient economy, businesses and governments need to understand what people value and want from the products and services they use. This report presents findings from research carried out by the Centre for Industrial Energy, Materials and Products (CIE-MAP) on public attitudes towards policies intended to improve resource efficiency. The analysis is based on a detailed, representative survey and focus group data collected between 2016 and 2018. Significantly, the research shows that measures offering the biggest carbon savings, and over which the government has most control, are those that are most popular with the public. Here, we demonstrate how government and businesses can make the most of the opportunity offered by resource efficiency for household goods to improve material use and reduce emissions

The power of deep reading and mindful literacy: An innovative approach in contemporary education

Este trabajo analiza la atención consciente como una innovación para mejorar las capacidades lectoras de la lectura profunda.This paper explores mindfulness as an innovation for improving literacy skills of deep reading.Instituto Politécnico NacionalAtención consciente en la educación contemporáneapd

The Cabaret of Dead Souls: Harvesting Russian History

Program for the eleventh annual RISD Cabaret held in the Cellar at the top of the Waterman Building. Graphic design: Mia Moran, Matt Murphy, James Wynn and Katia Popova.https://digitalcommons.risd.edu/liberalarts_cabaret_programs/1009/thumbnail.jp

Moderators, Mediators, and Prognostic Indicators of Treatment With Hip Arthroscopy or Physical Therapy for Femoroacetabular Impingement Syndrome: Secondary Analyses From the Australian FASHIoN Trial.

BACKGROUND Although randomized controlled trials comparing hip arthroscopy with physical therapy for the treatment of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) syndrome have emerged, no studies have investigated potential moderators or mediators of change in hip-related quality of life. PURPOSE To explore potential moderators, mediators, and prognostic indicators of the effect of hip arthroscopy and physical therapy on change in 33-item international Hip Outcome Tool (iHOT-33) score for FAI syndrome. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. METHODS Overall, 99 participants were recruited from the clinics of orthopaedic surgeons and randomly allocated to treatment with hip arthroscopy or physical therapy. Change in iHOT-33 score from baseline to 12 months was the dependent outcome for analyses of moderators, mediators, and prognostic indicators. Variables investigated as potential moderators/prognostic indicators were demographic variables, symptom duration, alpha angle, lateral center-edge angle (LCEA), Hip Osteoarthritis MRI Scoring System (HOAMS) for selected magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features, and delayed gadolinium-enhanced MRI of cartilage (dGEMRIC) score. Potential mediators investigated were change in chosen bony morphology measures, HOAMS, and dGEMRIC score from baseline to 12 months. For hip arthroscopy, intraoperative procedures performed (femoral ostectomy ± acetabular ostectomy ± labral repair ± ligamentum teres debridement) and quality of surgery graded by a blinded surgical review panel were investigated for potential association with iHOT-33 change. For physical therapy, fidelity to the physical therapy program was investigated for potential association with iHOT-33 change. RESULTS A total of 81 participants were included in the final moderator/prognostic indicator analysis and 85 participants in the final mediator analysis after exclusion of those with missing data. No significant moderators or mediators of change in iHOT-33 score from baseline to 12 months were identified. Patients with smaller baseline LCEA (β = -0.82; P = .034), access to private health care (β = 12.91; P = .013), and worse baseline iHOT-33 score (β = -0.48; P < .001) had greater iHOT-33 improvement from baseline to 12 months, irrespective of treatment allocation, and thus were prognostic indicators of treatment response. Unsatisfactory treatment fidelity was associated with worse treatment response (β = -24.27; P = .013) for physical therapy. The quality of surgery and procedures performed were not associated with iHOT-33 change for hip arthroscopy (P = .460-.665 and P = .096-.824, respectively). CONCLUSION No moderators or mediators of change in hip-related quality of life were identified for treatment of FAI syndrome with hip arthroscopy or physical therapy in these exploratory analyses. Patients who accessed the Australian private health care system, had smaller LCEAs, and had worse baseline iHOT-33 scores, experienced greater iHOT-33 improvement, irrespective of treatment allocation