Revalorización de la forma en la planificación de los territorios uruguayos: mensajes de la geografía y de la herencia patrimonial

Hay momentos en la vida de una ciudad o de un territorio que demandan una nueva forma que reoriente su evolución, que fije, que innove, que dé imagen de marca, que relance otro ciclo. Una nueva forma, descubierta o inventada, un motivo de diseño que oriente su transformación física, la de su geografía, su dimensión espacial. Este trabajo muestra cómo en los últimos 15 años varios documentos de planificación en Uruguay han buscado poner en valor los mensajes de la geografía y de la herencia patrimonial a través de la forma a diferentes escalas territoriales: los arcos costeros, el relieve, las cuencas, los trazados fundacionales, sistemas de componentes patrimoniales, paisajes caracterizados, sistemas de espacios públicos, espacios de integración y lugares con su genio propio. Reivindica el valor del proyecto urbano y del proyecto de territorio y de la dimensión formal asociada al paisaje natural y cultural.There are moments in the life of a city or a territory, which demand the apparition of a new shape to reorient their evolution, to ratify and innovate, to give a brand image, to launch a new cycle. A new discovered or invented shape, a design motif orientating its physical and geographical transformation, its spatial dimension. This article illustrates how in the last 15 years several planning documents in Uruguay have sought to revaluate, through their shape, the messages of geography and patrimonial heritage, at different territorial scales: coastal arches, landform, watersheds, foundational outlines, heritage-component systems, characterized landscapes, public-space systems, spaces for integration and places with their own genius. It claims for the value of the urban and territorial project and the shape associated with the natural and cultural landscape.Peer Reviewe

First evidence of mutualism between ancient plant lineages (Haplomitriopsida liverworts) and Mucoromycotina fungi and its response to simulated Palaeozoic changes in atmospheric CO2

© 2014 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2014 New Phytologist Trust. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The attached file is the published version of the article

FSRD: fungal stress response database

Adaptation to different types of environmental stress is a common part of life for today's fungi. A deeper understanding of the organization, regulation and evolution of fungal stress response systems may lead to the development of novel antifungal drugs and technologies or the engineering of industrial strains with elevated stress tolerance. Here we present the Fungal Stress Response Database (http://internal.med.unideb.hu/fsrd) aimed to stimulate further research on stress biology of fungi. The database incorporates 1985 fungal stress response proteins with verified physiological function(s) and their orthologs identified and annotated in 28 species including human and plant pathogens, as well as important industrial fungi. The database will be extended continuously to cover other fully sequenced fungal species. Our database, as a starting point for future stress research, facilitates the analysis of literature data on stress and the identification of ortholog groups of stress response proteins in newly sequenced fungal genomes. Database URL: http://internal.med.unideb.hu/fsr

THE ITALIAN DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION AND URBAN FOOD SECURITY

Opening speech and institutional greetings of the Worksho

SUstaiNability: a science communication website on environmental research

Social networks enable anyone to publish potentially boundless amounts of information. However, such information is also highly prone to creating and/or diffusing mistakes and misunderstandings in scientific issues. In 2013 we produced a website (www.sunability.unina2.it) reporting on some research outputs from the University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli (formerly the Second University of Naples, SUN), and shared it on Facebook and Twitter to analyse the effectiveness of these platforms in scientific dissemination. The study results suggest that (i) a regular update of the website stimulates the user's interest, (ii) Campania's citizens are more concerned with pollution problems than natural hazards, and (iii) direct involvement of researchers effectively enhances web-mediated scientific dissemination

Three ancient hormonal cues co-ordinate shoot branching in a moss.

Shoot branching is a primary contributor to plant architecture, evolving independently in flowering plant sporophytes and moss gametophytes. Mechanistic understanding of branching is largely limited to flowering plants such as Arabidopsis, which have a recent evolutionary origin. We show that in gametophytic shoots of Physcomitrella, lateral branches arise by re-specification of epidermal cells into branch initials. A simple model co-ordinating the activity of leafy shoot tips can account for branching patterns, and three known and ancient hormonal regulators of sporophytic branching interact to generate the branching pattern- auxin, cytokinin and strigolactone. The mode of auxin transport required in branch patterning is a key divergence point from known sporophytic pathways. Although PIN-mediated basipetal auxin transport regulates branching patterns in flowering plants, this is not so in Physcomitrella, where bi-directional transport is required to generate realistic branching patterns. Experiments with callose synthesis inhibitors suggest plasmodesmal connectivity as a potential mechanism for transport.We thank Catherine Rameau, Eva Sundberg and Klaus von Schwartzenberg for giving us mutant lines, Nik Cunniffe for his support with statistical analyses and Siobhan Braybrook for help with the scanning electron microscope. We thank our funding bodies for financial support. Yoan Coudert and Jill Harrison are funded by a BBSRC grant ‘PIN proteins and architectural diversification in plants’ (Grant BB/L00224811) and fellowships from the Gatsby Charitable Foundation (GAT2962) and Royal Society. Ottoline Leyser and Wojtek Palubicki are funded by the Gatsby Charitable Foundation (Grant GAT3272C) and by the European Research Council (Grant N° 294514—EnCoDe). Karin Ljung is funded by the Swedish Governmental Agency for Innovation Systems (VINNOVA) and the Swedish Research Council (VR) and thanks Roger Granbom for excellent technical assistance. Ondrej Novak is funded by a Czech Ministry of Education grant from the National Program for Sustainability I (LO1204).This is the final published version of the article. It was originally published in eLIFE (Coudert Y, Palubicki W, Ljung K, Novak O, Leyser O, Harrison CJ, eLIFE, 2015, 4:e06808, doi:10.7554/eLife.06808). The final version is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.0680

Manejo de bordes de crecimiento urbano en Uruguay

Confrontado a los procesos universales de crecimiento urbano, la pregunta-desafío para el urbanista no debería ser si la expansión ocurrirá sino cómo conducirla, domesticarla, darle forma, calidad, estructura y timing.Con la transformación de la ciudad grande en área metropolitana, el concepto de borde urbano-rural y sus problemáticas se complejizó. Territorios de intersticios periurbanos necesitan de su propia reflexión y generación de prácticas urbanísticas, aplicando herramientas innovadoras para integrar, completar y diseñar con calidad los "parches", bordes, islas y vacíos del tejido urbano heredado, y organizar nuevas expansiones caracterizadas por modalidades insospechadas de hibridación de territorios escasamente regulados.Sobre la base de las singularidades del caso uruguayo, el artículo plantea alternativas al manejo de procesos de borde bien diferenciados: fajas de interfase urbano-rural altamente mixturadas y fragmentadas, territorios desregulados, bordes urbanizados como partes formalmente completas, periferias que necesitan fortalecer su gobernanza y periurbanos ramificados.En el sistema de ordenamiento territorial y desarrollo sostenible se encuentran las herramientas para lidiar con conflictos y paradojas: planes parciales, programas de actuación integrada, estrategias para la complejidad y la incertidumbre, la aplicación obstinada de los principios legales y doctrinales en procura de la calidad, el manejo combinado de instrumentos y de escalas..

primary cervicofacial nocardiosis due to nocardia asteroides in an adult immunocompetent patient

Sir, The Nocardia species are aerobic, lamentous grampositive bacteria, irregularly acid-fast staining that belong to the order Actinomycetales. Normally, Nocardia spp. are soil saprophytes, but N. asteroides may be found in the normal ora of the oral cavity and upper respiratory tract. Four species of Nocardia are pathogenic in man: N. asteroides, N. brasiliensis, N. caviae and N. madurae (1). N. asteroides is usually the agent of systemic pulmonary infections in immunocompromised hosts, while N. brasiliensis is the responsible agent in 74% of all cutaneous manifestations (1, 2). The skin is generally secondarily involved in disseminated systemic pulmonary diseases, due to haematogenous spread of N. asteroides, but it can also be primarily aVected. Primary cutaneous nocardiosis (PCN) accounts for only 5% of all nocardial infections and is caused mainly by N. brasiliensis (3, 4). PCN is characterized by numerFig. 1. In ammatory and ulcerative lesion of the nose. ous clinical manifestations: chronic mycetoma, super cial abscesses and cellulitis and lymphocutaneous increased ESR (93mm/h). Paraneoplastic serological variants. The last of these manifestations includes the markers, immunological investigations and HIV-1/2 more common sporotrichoid form (nodules along the serology were negative. Hemocultures were also lymphatic drainage) and the rarer cervicofacial variant. negative. We report an unusual case of primary cervicofacial Skull and chest X-rays were negative while ultrasononocardiosis caused by N. asteroides in an adult graphy revealed gross hypoecogenic non-homogeneous immunocompetent man. areas (colliquated lymph nodes) extending to the subfascial area. Sonography also showed numerous colliquated CASE REPORT lymph nodes in the right laterocervical region as well as a colliquative involvement of both the parotides and A 79-year-old man was admitted to our department because of fever and a necrotic ulcerative lesion of the submandibular lymph nodes. Computerized axial tomography of the head con rmed all the data and again dorsum of his nose. The borders were vegetant, in ltrated on palpation and a purulent exudate was easily showed abscesses of the left masseter muscle and the left submandibular salivary gland. obtained through compression. Numerous sparse tiny pustules and little pus-draining sinuses were peripherHistology of a skin biopsy taken from the borders of the ulcer only revealed a dense diVuse in ammatory ically sparse around the ulcerative lesion (Fig. 1). The in ammatory oedema involved the left cheek and the in ltrate of neutrophils and lymphocytes in the deep dermis, with abscess formation. No fungic elements were lower eyelid. A hardened swelling of the left mandibular angle and some hard, enlarged, latero-cervical lymph observed with PAS staining. Endovenous therapy with amoxicillin/clavulanic acid nodes were present. History revealed that the patient had had a bicycle 6.6 g/day, amikacin 1 g/day and teicoplanin 800mg/day was immediately started. A week later a slight improveaccident 15 days earlier, causing wounds on his forehead, nose and left cheek. The wounds had healed rapidly ment of the purulent and in ammatory aspects of the facial lesions was observed but the laterocervical tumewith common antiseptic medications. Blood sample examination revealed white blood factions had worsened and required surgical drainage. Cultures of purulent exudate from the nose ulcer, cells 13 109/l (60% neutrophils, 25% monocytes) an

Cryptospores and cryptophytes reveal hidden diversity in early land floras

Cryptospores, recovered from Ordovician through Devonian rocks, differ from trilete spores in possessing distinctive configurations (i.e. hilate monads, dyads, and permanent tetrads). Their affinities are contentious, but knowledge of their relationships is essential to understanding the nature of the earliest land flora. This review brings together evidence about the source plants, mostly obtained from spores extracted from minute, fragmented, yet exceptionally anatomically preserved fossils. We coin the term ‘cryptophytes’ for plants that produced the cryptospores and show them to have been simple terrestrial organisms of short stature (i.e. millimetres high). Two lineages are currently recognized. Partitatheca shows a combination of characters (e.g. spo-rophyte bifurcation, stomata, and dyads) unknown in plants today. Lenticulatheca encompasses discoidal sporangia containing monads formed from dyads with ultrastructure closer to that of higher plants, as exemplified by Cooksonia. Other emerging groupings are less well characterized, and their precise affinities to living clades remain unclear. Some may be stem group embryophytes or tracheophytes. Others are more closely related to the bryophytes, but they are not bryophytes as defined by extant representatives. Cryptophytes encompass a pool of diversity from which modern bryophytes and vascular plants emerged, but were competitively replaced by early tracheophytes. Sporogenesis always produced either dyads or tetrads, indicating strict genetic control. The long-held consensus that tetrads were the archetypal condition in land plants is challenged