Sexual Harassment in the Testimonial Novel about the “Nevenka Case” by Juan José Millás

El acoso sexual, ya sea provocado por satisfacer la necesidad del dominio o simplemente por conseguir un fin sexual, es una conducta indeseada y humillante que atenta contra la dignidad de la víctima y deja consecuencias en su estado físico, psicológico y emocional, así como en sus relaciones interpersonales y la esfera profesional. Sus rasgos se analizan en la novela testimonial sobre el «caso Nevenka» de Juan José Millas, donde el autor hace hincapié en el fenómeno de la criminalización de la víctima, concluyendo que el concepto sociocultural actual permite que el acoso se desarrolle porque se tolera

Innovation in frastructure in Serbia

National Innovation System in Serbia (NIS) is not functional, and it should be an actuator of transition and development. NIS is shaped by past and current social, cultural, and even political factors as well as the current economic environment in Serbia. The work is a part of a wider research of the factors shaping the national innovation system. The goal of this paper is to point out who are the actuators of innovation infrastructure in Serbia, such as the activity of the participants in the organizing the infrastructure, to check whether commercial enterprises are generators and carriers of innovation activities, and to find out whether small and medium enterprises are interested in using innovation infrastructure. One of the goals of this paper is the review of innovation infrastructure concepts in Serbia and review of strategy for development of science and technology

Management of Women — Risk or Opportunity?

A lot has been written about women. Throughout human civilization women have been the foundation of families, but also wars were waged over women, and through marriages friendships were created or expanded, agreements forged between friends, etc. Even today women are the entity, without which one can not imagine the existence of the universe. In other words, evolution is a process in which cells (male and female) are connected resulting in growth and development, but also in the ability to connect with other cells which leads to the formation of living beings, including man as the most complex living being which operates on the principles of selforganization. However, when it comes to politics, business and the general performance of complex and traditional activities that are practiced by men, women are marginalized and discriminated against on numerous issues. Stereotypes and negative attitudes toward business women or women managers have been carefully maintained over centuries. Not far from the truth is statement according to which women must be twice as good as men, to take up important positions in organizations. The aim of this paper is to point out certain indisputable facts when it comes to female management and to answer the question of whether female management is a risk or a chance

Clonal Strain Persistence of Candida albicans Isolates from Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis Patients

Funding: The study was supported by the MRC for a PhD studentship for AM and the Wellcome Trust for funding (086827, 075470, 097377 & 101873). Acknowledgments We thank Professor Frank Odds for MLST central database curation and useful discussions.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

Salmonella Pathogenesis and Processing of Secreted Effectors by Caspase-3

The enteric pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium causes food poisoning resulting in gastroenteritis. The S. Typhimurium effector Salmonella invasion protein A (SipA) promotes gastroenteritis by functional motifs that trigger either mechanisms of inflammation or bacterial entry. During infection of intestinal epithelial cells, SipA was found to be responsible for the early activation of caspase-3, an enzyme that is required for SipA cleavage at a specific recognition motif that divided the protein into its two functional domains and activated SipA in a manner necessary for pathogenicity. Other caspase-3 cleavage sites identified in S. Typhimurium appeared to be restricted to secreted effector proteins, which indicates that this may be a general strategy used by this pathogen for processing of its secreted effectors

Agricultural Cooperatives in Serbia

Agricultural cooperative has a long tradition in the Republic of Serbia. In the past period, agricultural cooperative passed through various stages of development and operation, with ups and downs, both in its organization, and in material development. The goal of this study is to determine the state of cooperatives in Serbia. In this regard, following indicators and parameters were analyzed: the number, structure and main activity of agricultural cooperatives, types of services that cooperatives provide to their members, participation of agricultural cooperatives in the purchase of products, cooperative property, financial results, cooperative audits, and cooperative staff training. The sources of data were obtained using the methods of interviewing some 30 % of active cooperatives in RS, through interviews and participatory methods of participation through workshops and groups of practicing students

The role of the author and the testimonial condition of the novels “No”, mi general” by Irene Lozano and “Hay algo que no es como me dicen” by Juan José Millás

El presente trabajo parte del concepto de la novela testimonial y sus manifestaciones en la narrativa española actual, para analizar los elementos documentales y las técnicas ficcionales integradas en las obras "No, mi general" de Irene Lozano y "Hay algo que no es como me dicen" de Juan José Millás. El cambio en el enfoque temático que presentan estas novelas –ambas relatan historias reales sobre el acoso laboral y sexual a las mujeres en el Ejército español y el Ayuntamiento de Ponferrada, respectivamente–, permitirá estudiar su estructura particular, así como la importancia del papel del autor y su intervención real y parcial en el caso. De esta forma, se afirmará el carácter colectivo y denuncian-te de estas obras en cuanto a la mencionada problemática social emergente. Asimismo, se pondrá énfasis especial en la subjetivización, elemento que de-muestra la condición testimonial de estas novelas, esto es, afirma el desarrollo de una serie de técnicas que objetivizan los hechos, por una parte, y certifica la presencia de los mecanismos que aportan a la narrativización del relato, por otra. Finalmente, se distinguirán dos niveles de narración: la historia de la protagonista y la historia del narrador. La primera narra un caso real de acoso desde la perspectiva de la víctima, esto es, reinterpreta la verdad oficial y reconstruye la realidad, mientras que la segunda adquiere una dimensión modélica y apela a todo un colectivo de mujeres acosadas en el lugar de trabajo.This study starts from the concept of the testimonial novel and its ma-nifestations in the current Spanish narrative, in order to analyze the documen-tary elements and the fictional techniques integrated into the works "No, mi general" by Irene Lozano and "Hay algo que no es como me dicen" by Juan José Millás. The change in the thematic approach presented by these novels –both tell real stories about mobbing and sexual harassment of women in the Spanish Army and Ponferrada City Council, respectively–, will allow to study their particular structure, as well as the importance of the authors’ role and their real and partial intervention in the case. In this way, the collective and denouncing nature the-se novels have regarding the aforementioned emerging social problem will be affirmed. Likewise, a special emphasis will be put on subjectivization, an element that proves the testimonial condition of these novels, that is, it affirms the deve-lopment of a series of techniques that objectify the facts, on the one hand, and certifies the presence of the mechanisms that contribute to the narrativization of the story, on the other. Finally, two levels of narration will be distinguished: the story of the protagonist and the story of the narrator. The first one narrates a real case of harassment from the perspective of the victim, that is, it reinterprets the official truth and reconstructs reality, while the second one acquires a model dimension and appeals to a whole group of harassed women in the workplace

The Narration and Its Purpose in Two Testimonial Novels about Female Mobbing and Sexual Harassment in 21st Century Spain

La narratividad de las novelas testimoniales, aparte de contar con una implicación parcial del autor-narrador y un elevado elemento de subjetividad, adquiere dos niveles fundamentales de representación: uno centrado en la historia del narrador y otro en la del personaje principal. Además de analizar el discurso narrativo de las novelas testimoniales Hay algo que no es como me dicen de Juan José Millás y No, mi general de Irene Lozano, el presente estudio pretende explicar el texto literario a partir de elementos extratextuales, interpretándolo como producto social. Esto quiere decir que la propia temática sobre el acoso laboral y sexual femenino de las obras en cuestión, junto con la intención discursiva de narradores homodiegéticos y, en ocasiones, autodiegéticos, convierten una intrahistoria particular en un discurso tanto ejemplar como denunciatorio.The narrativity of testimonial novels, apart from counting on a partial involvement of the author-narrator and a high element of subjectivity, acquires two fundamental levels of representation: one focused on the story of the narrator and the other on the story of the main character. In addition to analyzing the narrative discourse of the testimonial novels Hay algo que no es como me dicen by Juan José Millás and No, mi general by Irene Lozano, this study aims to explain the literary text from extratextual elements, interpreting it as a social product. This means that the very theme of female mobbing and sexual harassment in the cited novels, along with the discursive intention of homodiegetic and, on occasions, autodiegetic narrators, turn a particular inner history into an exemplary and denunciatory discourse

Juan José Millás y los personajes masculinos de su obra "Hay algo que no es como me dicen. El caso de Nevenka Fernández contra la realidad". Dos extremos en la curva de la masculinidad

When writing the testimonial novel Hay algo que no es como me dicen. El caso de Nevenka Fernández contra la realidad (2004), Juan José Millás takes the position of defender of the main character, victim of mobbing and sexual harassment in the Ponferrada City Council. As such, he becomes a benchmark for the new masculinity in Spain at the beginning of the 21st century. Unlike other male characters –individual and collective–, preceded by the mayor Ismael Álvarez, whose toxic masculinity is based on the feeling of superiority and the influence of the patriarchal system to which they belong, the figure of Millás is interpreted as a destabilizer of that reality, creating an alternative version of the story of Nevenka Fernández, which invites to fight against false heroes and considerate a new cultural construction.Al escribir su novela testimonial Hay algo que no es como me dicen. El caso de Nevenka Fernández contra la realidad (2004), Juan José Millás toma la postura del defensor de la protagonista, víctima de acoso laboral y sexual en el Ayuntamiento de Ponferrada. Como tal, se convierte en un referente de la nueva masculinidad en la España de principios del siglo XXI. A diferencia de los personajes masculinos –individuales y colectivos–, precedidos por el entonces alcalde Ismael Álvarez, cuya masculinidad tóxica está basada en la sensación de superioridad y la influencia del sistema patriarcal del que forman parte, la figura de Millás se interpreta como un desestabilizador de esa realidad, estableciendo una versión alternativa de la historia de Nevenka Fernández, en la que invita a una lucha contra falsos héroe

The realistic engaged novel and the testimonial novel in 21st century Spain

Debido a los cambios producidos en la realidad humana del siglo xxi, que implica un mundo mercantilizado y una generalización de los valores, pero también una visión individualista que produce enormes desigualdades económicas y sociales, la literatura actual se ha adaptado al nuevo escenario, manifestando los retos de la sociedad moderna. La narrativa española ha seguido esta tendencia de comprometerse con la realidad actual y dar cuenta de ella, creando novelas tanto de valor realista comprometido como testimonial. Ambas se caracterizan por su carácter de denuncia, con la diferencia de que los personajes y las acciones de las novelas testimoniales tienen un referente identificable fuera de la obra y la autenticidad de lo narrado puede revisarse, mientras que en un texto realista no es posible hacerlo. Aunque esta distinción no es novedosa, la modalidad de la novela realista comprometida y la testimonial en el contexto que implica la España globalizada del siglo xxi cuenta con determinados rasgos particulares.Due to the changes produced in the human reality of the 21st century, which not only implies a merchandised world and a generalization of values, but an individualist vision that produces enormous economic and social inequalities, current literature has adapted to the new scenario, presenting the challenges of modern society. The Spanish narrative has followed this tendency to engage with the current reality and to account for it, creating novels of both engaging and testimonial value. Both are characterized by their denunciatory nature, with the difference that the characters and actions of the testimonial novels have an identifiable reference outside the work and the authenticity of the narrative can be revised, while in a realistic text it is not possible to do so. Although this distinction is not new, the modality of the realistic engaged novel and the testimonial novel in the context that implies the globalized Spain in the 21st century has certain particular features