Conocimiento de los profesionales de enfermería sobre la eritropoyetina

Se objetivó evaluar el conocimiento de profesionales de enfermería sobre el proceso de conservación, preparación y administración de eritropoyetina (EPO). Estudio exploratorio, descriptivo, con abordaje cuantitativo. Realizado en un Centro de Diálisis, con 40 profesionales de enfermería, entre enero y marzo de 2009, utilizando un cuestionario. Los aspectos técnicos fueron considerados. Sobre la interacción de la EPO con la presión arterial, 87,5% posee conocimientos inadecuados; sólo el 32% conocían la temperatura ideal para conservación del medicamento y 52,5% creía que éste debe ser retirado del refrigerador de 15 a 30 minutos antes de la administración; la vía más citada fue la endovenosa. Entre los cuidados anteriores a la administración, la inspección de fecha de vencimiento fue el más frecuente; 57,5 utilizan jeringa exclusiva para administración y 95% acostumbra registrar la administración del fármaco

Socioeconomic inequalities in the use of outpatient services in Brazil according to health care need: evidence from the World Health Survey

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The Brazilian health system is founded on the principle of equity, meaning provision of equal care for equal needs. However, little is known about the impact of health policies in narrowing socioeconomic health inequalities. Using data from the Brazilian World Health Survey, this paper addresses socioeconomic inequalities in the use of outpatient services according to intensity of need.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A three-stage cluster sampling was used to select 5000 adults (18 years and over). The non-response rate was 24.7% and calibration of the natural expansion factors was necessary to obtain the demographic structure of the Brazilian population. Utilization was established by use of outpatient services in the 12 months prior to the interview. Socioeconomic inequalities were analyzed by logistic regression models using years of schooling and private health insurance as independent variables, and controlling by age and sex. Effects of the socioeconomic variables on health services utilization were further analyzed according to self-rated health (good, fair and poor), considered as an indicator of intensity of health care need.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Among the 5000 respondents, 63.4% used an outpatient service in the year preceding the survey. The association of health services utilization and self-rated health was significant (p < 0.001). Regarding socioeconomic inequalities, the less educated used health services less frequently, despite presenting worse health conditions. Highly significant effects were found for both socioeconomic variables, years of schooling (p < 0.001) and private health insurance (p < 0.00), after controlling for age and sex. Stratifying by self-rated health, the effects of both socioeconomic variables were significant among those with good health status, but not statistically significant among those with poor self-rated health.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The analysis showed that the social gradient in outpatient services utilization decreases as the need is more intense. Among individuals with good self-rated health, possible explanations for the inequality are the lower use of preventive services and unequal supply of health services among the socially disadvantaged groups, or excessive use of health services by the wealthy. On the other hand, our results indicate an adequate performance of the Brazilian health system in narrowing socioeconomic inequalities in health in the most serious situations of need.</p

Myocardial tagging by Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance: evolution of techniques--pulse sequences, analysis algorithms, and applications

Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) tagging has been established as an essential technique for measuring regional myocardial function. It allows quantification of local intramyocardial motion measures, e.g. strain and strain rate. The invention of CMR tagging came in the late eighties, where the technique allowed for the first time for visualizing transmural myocardial movement without having to implant physical markers. This new idea opened the door for a series of developments and improvements that continue up to the present time. Different tagging techniques are currently available that are more extensive, improved, and sophisticated than they were twenty years ago. Each of these techniques has different versions for improved resolution, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), scan time, anatomical coverage, three-dimensional capability, and image quality. The tagging techniques covered in this article can be broadly divided into two main categories: 1) Basic techniques, which include magnetization saturation, spatial modulation of magnetization (SPAMM), delay alternating with nutations for tailored excitation (DANTE), and complementary SPAMM (CSPAMM); and 2) Advanced techniques, which include harmonic phase (HARP), displacement encoding with stimulated echoes (DENSE), and strain encoding (SENC). Although most of these techniques were developed by separate groups and evolved from different backgrounds, they are in fact closely related to each other, and they can be interpreted from more than one perspective. Some of these techniques even followed parallel paths of developments, as illustrated in the article. As each technique has its own advantages, some efforts have been made to combine different techniques together for improved image quality or composite information acquisition. In this review, different developments in pulse sequences and related image processing techniques are described along with the necessities that led to their invention, which makes this article easy to read and the covered techniques easy to follow. Major studies that applied CMR tagging for studying myocardial mechanics are also summarized. Finally, the current article includes a plethora of ideas and techniques with over 300 references that motivate the reader to think about the future of CMR tagging

Pooled analysis of who surgical safety checklist use and mortality after emergency laparotomy

Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) Surgical Safety Checklist has fostered safe practice for 10 years, yet its place in emergency surgery has not been assessed on a global scale. The aim of this study was to evaluate reported checklist use in emergency settings and examine the relationship with perioperative mortality in patients who had emergency laparotomy. Methods: In two multinational cohort studies, adults undergoing emergency laparotomy were compared with those having elective gastrointestinal surgery. Relationships between reported checklist use and mortality were determined using multivariable logistic regression and bootstrapped simulation. Results: Of 12 296 patients included from 76 countries, 4843 underwent emergency laparotomy. After adjusting for patient and disease factors, checklist use before emergency laparotomy was more common in countries with a high Human Development Index (HDI) (2455 of 2741, 89⋅6 per cent) compared with that in countries with a middle (753 of 1242, 60⋅6 per cent; odds ratio (OR) 0⋅17, 95 per cent c.i. 0⋅14 to 0⋅21, P &lt; 0⋅001) or low (363 of 860, 42⋅2 percent; OR 0⋅08, 0⋅07 to 0⋅10, P &lt; 0⋅001) HDI. Checklist use was less common in elective surgery than for emergency laparotomy in high-HDI countries (risk difference −9⋅4 (95 per cent c.i. −11⋅9 to −6⋅9) per cent; P &lt; 0⋅001), but the relationship was reversed in low-HDI countries (+12⋅1 (+7⋅0 to +17⋅3) per cent; P &lt; 0⋅001). In multivariable models, checklist use was associated with a lower 30-day perioperative mortality (OR 0⋅60, 0⋅50 to 0⋅73; P &lt; 0⋅001). The greatest absolute benefit was seen for emergency surgery in low-and middle-HDI countries. Conclusion: Checklist use in emergency laparotomy was associated with a significantly lower perioperative mortality rate. Checklist use in low-HDI countries was half that in high-HDI countries

Global variation in anastomosis and end colostomy formation following left-sided colorectal resection

Background End colostomy rates following colorectal resection vary across institutions in high-income settings, being influenced by patient, disease, surgeon and system factors. This study aimed to assess global variation in end colostomy rates after left-sided colorectal resection. Methods This study comprised an analysis of GlobalSurg-1 and -2 international, prospective, observational cohort studies (2014, 2016), including consecutive adult patients undergoing elective or emergency left-sided colorectal resection within discrete 2-week windows. Countries were grouped into high-, middle- and low-income tertiles according to the United Nations Human Development Index (HDI). Factors associated with colostomy formation versus primary anastomosis were explored using a multilevel, multivariable logistic regression model. Results In total, 1635 patients from 242 hospitals in 57 countries undergoing left-sided colorectal resection were included: 113 (6·9 per cent) from low-HDI, 254 (15·5 per cent) from middle-HDI and 1268 (77·6 per cent) from high-HDI countries. There was a higher proportion of patients with perforated disease (57·5, 40·9 and 35·4 per cent; P < 0·001) and subsequent use of end colostomy (52·2, 24·8 and 18·9 per cent; P < 0·001) in low- compared with middle- and high-HDI settings. The association with colostomy use in low-HDI settings persisted (odds ratio (OR) 3·20, 95 per cent c.i. 1·35 to 7·57; P = 0·008) after risk adjustment for malignant disease (OR 2·34, 1·65 to 3·32; P < 0·001), emergency surgery (OR 4·08, 2·73 to 6·10; P < 0·001), time to operation at least 48 h (OR 1·99, 1·28 to 3·09; P = 0·002) and disease perforation (OR 4·00, 2·81 to 5·69; P < 0·001). Conclusion Global differences existed in the proportion of patients receiving end stomas after left-sided colorectal resection based on income, which went beyond case mix alone

Comunicação como temática de pesquisa na Nefrologia: subsídio para o cuidado de enfermagem La Comunicación como temática de investigación en Nefrología: subsidio para el cuidado de enfermería Communication as a tesearch theme in Nephrology: basis for nursing care

OBJETIVOS: Identificar a tendência de pesquisas na área de Nefrologia com foco na comunicação e analisar a abordagem sobre comunicação nestas pesquisas. MÉTODOS: Levantamento de artigos nas bases de dados LILACS, SciELO, BDENF e MEDLINE, publicados entre 1997 e 2007, em português e espanhol, com foco na comunicação, ou no relacionamento com o cliente ou nos seus sentimentos, emoções e percepções. As informações sobre os artigos foram organizadas em quadros e divididas em três categorias: comunicação, relacionamento/interação e sentimentos/emoção/percepção. RESULTADOS: A maioria dos artigos relaciona-se aos sentimentos, emoções e percepções da clientela. O vínculo profissional/paciente aparece como facilitador da comunicação. Olhar o cliente de forma integral e individualizada promove um cuidado mais adequado. CONCLUSÃO: Através da investigação da comunicação, pode-se descrever melhor suas características fundamentais, suas perspectivas e possibilidades durante a interação e o cuidado prestado.<br>OBJETIVOS: Identificar la tendencia de investigaciones en el área de Nefrología enfocada en la comunicación y analizar el abordaje sobre comunicación en estas investigaciones. MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo un levantamiento de art��culos en las bases de datos LILACS, SciELO, BDENF e MEDLINE, publicados entre 1997 y 2007, en portugués y español, enfocada en la comunicación, o en la relación con el cliente o en sus sentimientos, emociones y percepciones. Las informaciones sobre los artículos fueron organizadas en cuadros y divididas en tres categorías: comunicación, relacionamiento/interacción y sentimientos/emoción/percepción. RESULTADOS: La mayoría de los artículos se relaciona con los sentimientos, emociones y percepciones de la clientela. El vínculo profesional/paciente aparece como facilitador de la comunicación. Mirar al cliente de forma integral e individualizada promueve un cuidado más adecuado. CONCLUSIÓN: A través de la investigación de la comunicación, se puede describir mejor sus características fundamentales, sus perspectivas y posibilidades durante la interacción y el cuidado prestado.<br>OBJECTIVES: To identify trends on nephrology research that focus on communication and to analyze the use of communication as a theme in research. METHODS: A literature search of publications in Portuguese and Spanish from 1997 through 2007 that focused on communication or interaction with clients regarding feelings, emotions, and perceptions, was performed in the LILACS, SciELO, BDENF, and MEDLINE databases. The publications were grouped into three categories: communication, relationship/interaction, and feelings/emotions/perceptions. RESULTS: The majority of the publications were related to the feelings, emotions, and perceptions of the clients. Professional/Client interaction emerged as a facilitating mechanism of the communication. Holistic and individualized care were identified as the most adequate modality of care. CONCLUSION: Identification and analysis of research on communication allowed the description of its main characteristics, its perspectives, and its potential to improve professional/client interactions during the delivery of care

Necessidades de orientação de enfermagem para o autocuidado de clientes em terapia de hemodiálise

Objetivo: identificar necessidades de orientação de enfermagem para o autocuidado de clientes em hemodiálise. Método: Pesquisa descritiva-exploratória cujos dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista individual com clientes em terapia de hemodiálise, utilizando as concepções de Orem. Resultados: 43 clientes foram incluídos no sistema de autocuidado totalmente compensatório para as necessidades de orientação: terapia nutricional, ingestão de líquidos, complicações da hemodiálise, anticoagulação, prática de atividade física; problemas emocionais, associação a grupos e atividades de lazer. Conclusão: A enfermeira, ao administrar as sessões de hemodiálise, é fundamental na orientação dos clientes e familiares. Seu apoio ao cliente no enfrentamento e tratamento da doença renal crônica contribui para que este adquira competência e habilidades nas ações de autocuidado e consequentemente favoreça sua qualidade de vida