Grounding Tantric Praxis in the Mahāyāna Meaning and Modes:

This paper explores a sūtra-based doxography contained in the 12th-century Tangut Mahāmudrā work Notes on the Keypoints of Mahāmudrā as the Ultimate. It employs the doctrinal complex of the doxography to demonstrate the common Mahāyāna discursive framework within which the tantra-originated Mahāmudrā has grounded its meaning. It further argues that the doxography integrates the Yogācāra-Madhyamaka and Buddha-nature currents of thought as the philosophical ground for Mahāmudrā

Balancing Usability and Protection: A Decision-Making Approach to Computer Network Security Evaluation using the Neutrosophic Fuzzy Dombi Operator

In an era where data is a vital organizational asset, the challenge of safeguarding digital infrastructure while maintaining system usability has become increasingly complex. Network security solutions must not only protect against evolving threats but also support efficient and user-friendly operations. This study explores a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach to evaluate various computer network security strategies by balancing the trade-offs between usability, scalability, responsiveness, and compliance. By integrating qualitative and quantitative evaluation metrics, this framework provides a systematic methodology for selecting optimal security systems that align with organizational needs. The framework has two main steps; in the first step we show the criteria weights by the WENSLO method. In the second step we show rank of alternatives by the COBRA method. We use the Trapezoidal Fuzzy Neutrosophic numbers (TFNNs) to deal with uncertainty. Also, we use the Dombi operator with the TFNNs to combine the different TFNNs

Personal Communication to Global Communication

Being able to communicate in your mother tongue with friends and familyis easy and comfortable. Meeting new people may, at first, cause somedistress, but soon those people become closer and then communicationis more relaxing. Moving from personal communication to interpersonalcommunication is a natural process all adults acquire naturally in theirmother tongue. However, moving further into global communicationrequires motivation and perseverance to achieve good results. In a secondlanguage, the hurdle may seem insurmountable. Nevertheless, manyJapanese have done just that: realized the ability to communicate clearlyand effectively in English with speakers of other languages. How did theymanage to do this? Do they share any common traits, which we can useto help teach current students today? The goal of this research is to try todiscover some commonalities and characteristics these speakers possess andthen use the results to better plan and teach students today

Joint Resource Allocation and Trajectory Design for Resilient Multi-UAV Communication Networks

In contrast to terrestrial wireless networks, dynamic Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) networks are susceptible to unexpected link failures arising from UAV breakdowns or the depletion of its batteries. Drastic user rate fluctuations and sum rate drops can occur due to the unexpected UAV link failures. Previous research has focused primarily on re-establishing these links to maintain service continuity, while neglecting overall system performance, including sum rate and user rate fluctuations. This letter proposes a resilient UAV network design utilizing the modern portfolio theory (MPT), which jointly optimizes the bandwidth allocation, UAV-user association, and UAV trajectories to enhance the overall service stability. Specifically, the design incorporates a novel utility function based on MPT to achieve a better balance between the sum rate and user rate fluctuations. To solve the joint optimization problem, we propose an iterative algorithm based on alternating optimization (AO) and successive convex approximation (SCA). Simulation results show that our scheme outperforms the other two baselines in terms of sum rate and user rate fluctuations. Furthermore, the resilience requirement in terms of sum rate, user rate fluctuations and user fairness can be achieved by flexibly tuning weight factor in our proposed algorithm

Systematic studies on the kinetic process of 20(S)-protopanaxadiol in rats and dogs: absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion

Background and ObjectiveGinseng has been regarded as a precious medicinal herb with miraculous effects in Eastern culture. The primary chemical constituents of ginseng are saponins, and the physiological activities of ginsenosides determine their edible and medicinal value. The aim of this study is to comprehensively and systematically investigate the kinetic processes of 20(S)—protopanaxadiol (PPD) in rats and dogs, in order to promote the rational combination of ginseng as a drug and dietary ingredient.MethodsPPD was administered, and drug concentration in different biological samples were detected by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) and radioactive tracer methods. Pharmacokinetic parameters such as absorption, bioavailability, tissue distribution, plasma protein binding rate, excretion rate, and cumulative excretion were calculated, along with inference of major metabolites.ResultsThis study systematically investigated the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME) of PPD in rats and dogs for the first time. The bioavailabilities of PPD were relatively low, with oral absorption nearly complete, and the majority underwent first-pass metabolism. PPD had a high plasma protein binding rate and was relatively evenly distributed in the body. Following oral administration, PPD underwent extensive metabolism, potentially involving one structural transformation and three hydroxylation reactions. The metabolites were primarily excreted through feces and urine, indicating the presence of enterohepatic circulation. The pharmacokinetic processes of PPD following intravenous administration aligned well with a three-compartment model. In contrast, after gastric administration, it fitted better with a two-compartment model, conforming to linear pharmacokinetics and proportional elimination. There were evident interspecies differences between rats and dogs regarding PPD, but individual variations of this drug were minimal within the same species.ConclusionThis study systematically studied the kinetic process of PPD in rats and also investigated the kinetic characteristics of PPD in dogs for the first time. These findings lay the foundation for further research on the dietary nutrition and pharmacological effects of PPD

Optimal bike allocations in a competitive bike sharing market

This paper studies the bike allocation problem in a competitive bike sharing market. To overcome computational challenges, a continuum approximation (CA) approach is applied, where the allocation points and user demand are assumed to be continuously distributed in a two-dimensional region. Companies offering bike sharing service bear both allocation cost and bike depreciation cost while earning revenue from fare collection. The user's selection of bike service is affected by both walking distance and preference towards bike quality. The elasticity of the demand is considered in relation to the density of allocation points in the market. A leader-follower Stackelberg competition model is developed to derive the optimal allocation strategy for market leader. Two sets of numerical studies - one hypothetical case and one from a real case - are conducted to specify the impact of the parameters on model performance and illustrate how the proposed model can be applied to support the decision making.<br/

Research of ELCV 3D Localization Algorithm in Ship Area Networks

We propose a 3D localization algorithm used in ship area networks (SANs) in the literature before. In this paper in order to explore more performances of ELCV we made some other comprehensive simulations. In ELCV a classic noise model is introduced to characterize the acoustic background noise observed in SANs. Meanwhile random communication range nodes are placed in the SANs. ELCV is addressed to provide robust estimation of unknown nodes in the presence of outliers. In this algorithm sensor nodes are also equipped with random communication range that can be changed during a set scope. With ELCV, each individual unknown node will acquire data packages from anchors and then solve for a spatial node on some given point in cube space formed by eight neighbor anchors. With other three related anchor nodes around symmetric tetrahedron can be formed. Finally by centroid algorithm, in this symmetric tetrahedron, estimated node positions with accuracy and robustness are obtained. In this work more parameters are changed and different environment arguments are taken into account and then simulation results are given. By these simulation results we further prove the accuracy, efficiency and robustness in SANs. Meanwhile simulation processes are finished in MATLAB software. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v11i6.270