Estimating Tariff Equivalents of Nontariff Barriers

International Relations/Trade,

Resilience Education

As a primary learning and social environment for most children, schools have tremendous potential to, and responsibility for, promoting resilience and well-being in children. This chapter reviews the rationale for focusing on resilience in education and illustrates some of the ways that schools can promote resilience in young people. Although resilience education can also encompass academic or educational resilience, the authors focus primarily on the power of schools to promote students’ social and emotional well-being and provide examples from their team’s work on school-based resilience and positive psychology interventions. As they hope to show, resilience education holds great promise in promoting the well-being of all students

Conservatism and social policy: an examination of modern conservative approaches to education policy in Great Britain and the united states

The primary purpose of this study is to examine the conservative movements in the United States and Great Britain from the 1980's to the present and to assess conservative education policy with respect to the conservative principles upon which it is claimed to be based. These principles are shown to be divided into two broad categories—traditional and classical liberal—but are discussed in terms of their recent marriage to form what is referred to here as Modern Conservatism. Education is used as the focus in this discussion because it illuminates the debate between pro-state Liberal and Modern Conservative ideologies and principles as they relate to different structural and methodological approaches in education. To this extent, then, this thesis looks at certain issues such as traditionalism, progressivism and egalitarianism in education and relates them to the larger debate between the two differing ideologies. Finally, as part of this analysis an assessment will be made of how well conservative principles have translated into actual Modem Conservative education policies from the 1980's to the present

Ectomycorrhizal Fungi of Salix Rotundifolia Trautv. I. Impact of Surface Applied Prudhoe Bay Crude Oil on Mycorrhizal Structure and Composition

The effects of exposure to crude oil on the structure and quantity of viable mycorrhizae of the dwarf deciduous shrub, Salix rotundifolia Trautv., have been investigated at Barrow and Cape Simpson, Alaska over a three year period on experimental plots treated with 5 and 12 l/m² of Prudhoe Bay crude oil. Salix rotundifolia populations growing adjacent to the Cape Simpson natural oil seep were examined for possible changes which may have occurred as the result of long term exposure to oil. Structural examination of mycorrhizae was accomplished by light and scanning electron microscopy. Structural difference in viable mycorrhizae were observed between control and oil treated plots one year after the application of oil. Ectomoycorrhizae with smooth mantle surfaces were found to predominate on the Barrow control plot. The predominant viable mycorrhizae on the oil treated plots demonstrated a marked proliferation of mantle hyphae, presumably a result of the altered soil environment. Prudhoe Bay crude oil applied at 12 l/m² caused a large reduction in the number of viable willow mycorrhizae within one week at Barrow. After this rapid initial response, the rate of destruction of mycorrhizae appeared to proceed at a slower rate throughout the remainder of the growing season. The effect of oil in depressing the number of viable mycorrhizae was still apparent three growing seasons after the application of oil. Salix rotundifolia growing adjacent to the Cape Simpson oil seep demonstrated greater numbers of viable mycorrhizae and a higher percentage of Cenococcum graniforme (Sow.) Ferd and Winge. mycorrhizae than did plants at Barrow

Ectomycorrhizal Fungi of Salix Rotundifolia Trautv. II. Impact of Surface Applied Prudhoe Bay Crude Oil on Mycorrhizal Root Respiration and Cold Acclimation

Ectomycorrhizal root tips of Salix rotundifolia Trautv. removed from Barrow, Alaska tundra treated with 5 or 12 l/m² Prudhoe Bay crude oil on 1 July 1975 showed decreased respiration rates within 48 hr after surface application of oil. Oil treated roots continued to have depressed respiration rates throughout the summer. The following summer, respiration rates of the 5 l/m² oil treated roots were higher than controls. With respiration of the 12 l/m² treated roots only 20% below controls. However, during the summer, respiration rates declined very rapidly, probably due to water stress caused by drought conditions. The third summer, respiration rates of all root samples were quite similar, with all rates low, probably due to continued water stress. Viable root biomass declined from year to year in the oiled soils. Analysis of cold acclimation by Arrhenius plots of respiration rates shows losses in cold acclimation after oil treatment. Ectomycorrhizal roots of S. rotundifolia from the oil impregnated soils of a natural oil seep at Cape Simpson, Alaska showed a minimum loss in respiration rates and cold acclimation after exposure to fresh crude oil

Global instability in strongly nonhomogenous systems.

A number of fluid-dynamical systems are considered with regard to their global stability. First, a simple linearised Ginzburg-Landau-type system with periodic coefficients is shown to be absolutely unstable under certain conditions. Some two-fluid channel-flow problems with application to stability of flow through pipes and ducts and to cavity tones are considered next. Firstly, flow through a channel with periodically-deformed walls is shown, using Floquet's theorem, to be absolutely unstable for any case other than that of homogeneous coefficients. This is due to a three-wave interaction. A finite-range variation in the channel shape is then considered. It is found that, for a contraction in the channel, global instability appears for an obstacle of any length. For an expanded channel section, a large length is required for global instability to be observed. As a simplification, a system with two fluids separated by a solid wall containing a finite-length aperture is considered. A finite number of unstable global modes are found and some analysis is done for the infinite-range limit. Next, two systems are investigated of which, if infinite, all harmonic wave like perturbations would be considered to be stable, but in which transient growth is observed in the temporal evolution of disturbances. It is found that the equivalent finite-range formulation shows global instability due to feedback between the ends. The first system exhibits such behaviour due to transient growth of a spatial nature, while the second exhibits purely temporal transients. Finally, a system governed by a Benjamin-Ono equation is considered. It is shown that, for a homogeneous problem, the greatest contribution to the instability of the system can come from a branch point at the origin in the wavenumber plane. Some problems with numerical computation of stability for problems with a Cauchy-type integral are then discussed

Fungal Biomass Responses in Oil Perturbated Tundra at Barrow, Alaska

The effects of two Prudhoe Bay crude oil treatments of 5 and 12 l/square m on fungal hyphae/gm dry wt of soil and on the grams of mycelium/square m were followed in polygonal tundra for three seasons. A significant depressing effect of oil on fungal hyphae was evident over three seasons. However, no significant difference between oil treatments was recorded. The moisture content of the soil appeared to influence the mobility of the oil. Shifts occur in fungal populations in the presence of oil and the presence of oil biodegradation by filamentous fungi was detected. The influence of bulk density on fungal populations and the penetration of oil into tundra soil is discussed

Support for immunization registries among parents of vaccinated and unvaccinated school-aged children: a case control study

BACKGROUND: Immunizations have reduced childhood vaccine preventable disease incidence by 98–100%. Continued vaccine preventable disease control depends on high immunization coverage. Immunization registries help ensure high coverage by recording childhood immunizations administered, generating reminders when immunizations are due, calculating immunization coverage and identifying pockets needing immunization services, and improving vaccine safety by reducing over-immunization and providing data for post-licensure vaccine safety studies. Despite substantial resources directed towards registry development in the U.S., only 48% of children were enrolled in a registry in 2004. Parental attitudes likely impact child participation. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to assess the attitudes of parents of vaccinated and unvaccinated school-aged children regarding: support for immunization registries; laws authorizing registries and mandating provider reporting; opt-in versus opt-out registry participation; and financial worth and responsibility of registry development and implementation. METHODS: A case control study of parents of 815 children exempt from school vaccination requirements and 1630 fully vaccinated children was conducted. Children were recruited from 112 elementary schools in Colorado, Massachusetts, Missouri, and Washington. Surveys administered to the parents, asked about views on registries and perceived utility and safety of vaccines. Parental views were summarized and logistic regression models compared differences between parents of exempt and vaccinated children. RESULTS: Surveys were completed by 56.1% of respondents. Fewer than 10% of parents were aware of immunization registries in their communities. Among parents aware of registries, exempt children were more likely to be enrolled (65.0%) than vaccinated children (26.5%) (p value = 0.01). A substantial proportion of parents of exempt children support immunization registries, particularly if registries offer choice for participation. Few parents of vaccinated (6.8%) and exempt children (6.7%) were aware of laws authorizing immunization registries. Support for laws authorizing registries and requiring health care providers to report to registries was more common among parents of vaccinated than exempt children. Most parents believed that the government, vaccine companies or insurance companies should pay for registries. CONCLUSION: Parental support for registries was relatively high. Parental support for immunization registries may increase with greater parental awareness of the risks of vaccine preventable diseases and utility of vaccination