Toward a Stricter Originality Standard for Copyright Law

In order to be copyrighted, a work of art must be \u27original. Critics have persuasively argued that copyright law, at various phases in its evolution, has defined originality by applying a Romantic conception of authorship, according to which the author creates out of a wholly personal, original self. But, in contrast to the idealized, Romantic work, an actual work need only exhibit an extremely low level of originality in order to merit copyright protection. This Note attempts to resolve this apparent tension between theory and practice, arguing that the Romantic conception of authorship underlies the law\u27s low originality standard. Further, the Note argues that the modern understanding of authorship, which recognize\u27s that the outside world shapes the author\u27s consciousness, furnishes a more appropriate model for originality jurisprudence. Accordingly, the Note concludes, a stricter originality standard is needed, which would serve to reinvigorate the public domain while protecting truly original works

Review Article : Sacubitril/valsartan use for the hospitalist

The mainstays of therapy for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) have traditionally been angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB), beta-blockers, aldosterone receptor antagonists, and diuretics for symptomatic relief (1). With few advances made over the past few decades, the principles of treating HFrEF have been revolutionized following the results of the PARADIGM-HF trial (Prospective comparison of ARNI with ACEI to Determine Impact on Global Mortality and morbidity in Heart Failure) in 2014. The trial compared the novel agent sacubitril/valsartan (Entresto(R)) to Enalapril (1). Sacubitril/valsartan is a combination angiotensin II receptor blocker-neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI) that replaces traditional ACEI and ARB therapy in the treatment of HFrEF. The PARADIGM-HF trial was stopped early due to overwhelming evidence of decreased mortality and decreased HFrEF related hospitalizations with sacubitril/valsartan when compared to Enalapril (2). Since the study was released, the American College of Cardiology (ACC), the American Heart Association (AHA), and the Heart Failure Society of America (HFSA) released updated guidelines in May 2016. Sacubitril/valsartan now holds a Class I Recommendation for the treatment of HFrEF in patients with New York Heart Association (NYHA) class II or III heart failure (3). These recommendations were further upheld in the recently released 2017 ACC/AHA/HFSA Focused Update for the Management of Heart Failure (4).Includes bibliographical reference

Quantum Gravity - Testing Time for Theories

The extreme smallness of both the Planck length, on the one side, and the ratio of the gravitational to the electrical forces between, say, two electrons, on the other side has led to a widespread belief that the realm of quantum gravity is beyond terrestrial experiments. A series of classical and quantum arguments are put forward to dispel this view. It is concluded that whereas the smallness of the Planck length and the ratio of gravitational to electrical forces, does play its own essential role in nature, it does not make quantum gravity a science where humans cannot venture to probe her secrets. In particular attention is drawn to the latest neutron and atomic interferometry experiments, and to gravity wave interferometers. The latter, as Giovanni Amelino-Camelia argues [Nature 398, 216 (1999)], can be treated as probes of space-time fuzziness down to Planck length for certain quantum-gravity models

Entrepreneurial orientation among migrants and small and medium enterprises

This qualitative study seeks to enrich the understanding of migrants’ perceived experience in running small businesses in Auckland, New Zealand. The study will also examine what motivated migrants into business, their experiences in labour market as well as the challenges they faced in running a business. The study focuses on African migrant small business owners excluding South Africans as this population has been extensively researched and documented (Meares et al., 2011; Warren, 2003). The theoretical foundation of the study rests on labour disadvantage and cultural theories. In-depth open ended face-to face interviews between 11-20 participants selected through purposive sampling will be used to collect data. Thematic analysis will be used to analyse data collected

Branding in China: global product strategy alternatives

This article reviews and discusses issues in the translation of international brand names to Chinese, and provides a framework for international brand managers who want to expand into China. Linguistic differences between Chinese and English are wide and deep, making translation of brand names difficult. Cultural context, pronunciation, written vs. oral language, and the meaning of characters are just a few examples of such difficulties. We discuss four global product-naming strategic alternatives available to country/brand managers, along with their usage. The four approaches include (1) dual extension, (2) brand meaning extension, (3) brand feeling extension, and (4) dual adaptation. We also provide examples of brands utilizing the different approaches

Societal Culture in Iceland and Lithuania: Managerial Implications

This article contributes to cross-cultural management literature, by providing empirical data from two underresearched countries, to serve in the future as benchmark cultural shift research. Furthermore, it illustrates not only the insufficiency of mare statement of cultural dimension difference/similarities but also a need to contextualize them. Results indicate that Icelandic and Lithuanian societal cultures are different on three out of seven of Hofstede’s dimensions; however, these differences have considerable effect on management practices. Results also present how a similar score of the same dimension fails to explain big differences within societies regarding a particular aspect (e.g. gender gap) and suggest that societal cultural differences have implications on management practices regarding work–life balance, motivational system, organizational structure, and level of formalization. Icelanders will put more importance on leisure and will feel happier in general, whereas Lithuanians will have higher work ethics. Lithuanians will be inclined to higher need for achievement (particularly for expatriate management). More structure, formalization, hierarchy, and direct following of the regulations can be expected in Lithuania. This contribution fills the gap in the literature by comparing societal cultures of two countries that have been neglected in cross-cultural research. Both countries are undergoing societal changes and the results of this research can serve in the future as a benchmark for indication of cultural swift. Furthermore, this article outlines the practical implications of societal cultural differences for management.Peer Reviewe

Pretransplant HLA typing revealed loss of heterozygosity in the major histocompatibility complex in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia

Introduction Chromosomal abnormalities are frequent events in hematological malignancies. The degree of HLA compatibility between donor and recipient in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is critical. Purpose of the study In this report, we describe an acute myeloid leukemia case with loss of heterozygosity (LOH) encompassing the entire HLA. Materials and methods HLA molecular typing was performed on peripheral blood (PB) and buccal swabs (BS). Chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) was performed using a whole genome platform. Results Typing results on PB sample collected during blast crisis demonstrated homozygosity at the -A, -B, -C, -DR, and -DQ loci. A BS sample demonstrated heterozygosity at all loci. A subsequent PB sample drawn after count recovery confirmed heterozygosity. The CMA performed on PB samples collected during and after blast crisis revealed a large terminal region of copy-neutral LOH involving chromosome region 6p25.3p21.31, spanning approximately 35.9 Mb. The results of the CMA assay on sample collected after count recovery did not demonstrate LOH. Conclusions LOH at the HLA gene locus may significantly influence the donor search resulting in mistakenly choosing homozygous donors. We recommend confirming the HLA typing of recipients with hematological malignancies when homozygosity is detected at any locus by using BS samples, or alternatively from PB when remission is achieved

Field Dependence of the Superconducting Basal Plane Anisotropy of TmNi2B2C

The superconductor TmNi2B2C possesses a significant four-fold basal plane anisotropy, leading to a square Vortex Lattice (VL) at intermediate fields. However, unlike other members of the borocarbide superconductors, the anisotropy in TmNi2B2C appears to decrease with increasing field, evident by a reentrance of the square VL phase. We have used Small Angle Neutron Scattering measurements of the VL to study the field dependence of the anisotropy. Our results provide a direct, quantitative measurement of the decreasing anisotropy. We attribute this reduction of the basal plane anisotropy to the strong Pauli paramagnetic effects observed in TmNi2B2C and the resulting expansion of vortex cores near Hc2.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures, 1 tabl

Kondo behavior, ferromagnetic correlations, and crystal fields in the heavy Fermion compounds Ce3X (X=In, Sn)

We report measurements of inelastic neutron scattering, magnetic susceptibility, magnetization, and the magnetic field dependence of the specific heat for the heavy Fermion compounds Ce$_3$In and Ce$_3$Sn. The neutron scattering results show that the excited crystal field levels have energies $E_1$ = 13.2 meV, $E_2$ = 44.8 meV for Ce$_3$In and $E_1$ = 18.5 meV, $E_2$ = 36.1 meV for Ce$_3$Sn. The Kondo temperature deduced from the quasielastic linewidth is 17 K for Ce$_3$In and 40 K for Ce$_3$Sn. The low temperature behavior of the specific heat, magnetization, and susceptibility can not be well-described by J=1/2 Kondo physics alone, but require calculations that include contributions from the Kondo effect, broadened crystal fields, and ferromagnetic correlations, all of which are known to be important in these compounds. We find that in Ce$_3$In the ferromagnetic fluctuation makes a 10-15 % contribution to the ground state doublet entropy and magnetization. The large specific heat coefficient $\gamma$ in this heavy fermion system thus arises more from the ferromagnetic correlations than from the Kondo behavior.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figure