¿Hay innovación más allá de la I+D? El papel de otras actividades innovadoras

Aunque la I+D se ha resaltado como la principal e indiscutible fuente de las innovaciones empresariales, un importante conjunto de empresas alcanzan resultados innovadores sin llevar a cabo actividades de I+D. El principal objetivo de este trabajo es entender cuáles son las fuentes de innovación de estas empresas. Para ello se analizará el rol adoptado por otras actividades distintas a los procesos de I+D (como el diseño, la formación, la vigilancia tecnológica y el uso de tecnología avanzada) y que también contribuyen a la consecución de innovaciones

Estudio prospectivo de maduración, desarrollo e incidencia lesional en balonmano formativo de élite. ¿Puede el estado madurativo ser un factor determinante de la incidencia lesional en balonmano?

El objetivo de este estudio es describir la relación entre incidencia lesional (IL) y estado madurativo de jugadores varones de balonmano formativo (BmF) de alto nivel competicional. Se analizan durante 2 temporadas la incidencia de lesión deportiva de forma prospectiva en 133 jugadores, los criterios de maduración biológica y la carga física de exposición. Se siguieron los criterios para estudios de epidemiología lesional según el consenso UEFA. Las variables utilizadas para analizar el estado madurativo son los estadios de Tanner, la pubertad, el pico de velocidad de crecimiento, el volumen testicular y la edad ósea. Se registraron 190 lesiones para un total de 34.222 h de exposición. La IL total media de todas las categorías fue de 5,6 lesiones/1.000 h de exposición. En competición, el valor fue de 21,8 lesiones/1.000 h, y en entrenamiento, de 3,1 lesiones/1.000 h. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre IL, la edad cronológica y los diferentes estados madurativos por ANOVA. El análisis estadístico multivariante registra cierta tendencia entre las asociaciones de IL en competición para categoría (p = 0,07), y en la IL en entrenamientos para Tanner (p = 0,091) y pubertad (p = 0,021). En conclusión, si bien no se detectaron diferencias significativas en la IL por edades en jugadores de BmF, sí se aprecia una tendencia real en determinados estadios madurativos mediante el análisis multivariante. Esto deberá tenerse en cuenta para planificación entrenamientos y estrategias de prevención de la lesión deportiva en el contexto del BmF

Galaxy clustering: a point process

El 'clustering' de galàxies és l'agregació de galàxies en l'universe produida per la força de la gravetat. Les galàxies tendeixen a formar estructures de major tamany tal com 'clusters' o filaments que formen la xarxa còsmica ('Cosmic Web'). Aquesta Estructura a Gran Escala de l'Univers es pot entendre com el resultat de la distribució de galàxies, un procés en el qual totes les galàxies estan subjectes a forces comuns i comparteixen propietats universals. L'anàlisis d'aquesta distribució es pot realitzar amb técniques de processos puntuals, l'estudi de configuracions de punts sobre un marc. En aquesta tesi fem servir aquesta branca de la estadística en tres approximacions diferents: els estadístics de resum, la mineria de dades i el modelatge. Els resultats mostren que els Processos Puntuals són una ferramenta excel·lent per a descobrir les propietats de la distribució de galàxies així com per a modelar els seus patrons. Diverses fonts de dades s'han utilitzat com exemples de Processos Puntuals. Aquestos incluen cartografiats de galàxies moderns tals com l''Sloan Diginal Sky Survey' (SDSS) i el cartografiat ALHAMBRA, que ens permet estudiar i descobrir noves propietats de la distribució de galàxies i les seues conseqüències en el comportament de les galàxies. La distribució de recomptes de cel·les d'un Procés Puntual és una técnica senzilla però poderosa per a descriure una distribució. Per a aquest estadístic fem servir dades del SDSS. Ajustem la distribució observacional obtinguda amb quatre funcions de densitat de probabilitat diferents i comparem la bondat dels seus ajustos. Un altre exemple d'estadístics de resum és la funció de correlació, la qual utilitzem per a descriure el comportament de l'agregació de galàxies del cartografiat ALHAMBRA, cobrint un ampla regió de 'redshift'. Amb aquest estadístic som capaços de calcular l'agregació de galàxies segregated espectralment a escales petites per primer cop (< 0.2 Mpc/h). Els algoritmes de mineria de dades i modelatge utilitzats en aquesta tesi han sigut testats en simulacions de galàxies i matèria fosca, com per exemple la simulació LasDamas o la simulació 'MultiDak'. El nostre primer model per a la distribució de galàxies és el model d'interacció de punts de Gibbs, un model probabilistic que descriu la distribució de galàxies depenent de les distàncies de parelles. Per a parelles properes el model incrementa la intesitat del procés, creant un patró agregat. Tres models diferents s'han utilitzat, depenent del perfil del 'cluster'. El model de Geyer defineix un perfil pla on les galàxies estan agregades a intensitats superiors a les de la distirbució homogenea de Poisson trobada a escales majors. El model de Fiksel es un perfil continu amb una pendent exponencial, definint unes amplituds d'agrupament majors a escales curtes. Finalment, el model de Llei de Potències defineix també un perfil continu amb un pol a distància zero. Els Models de Mescla són una poderosa ferramenta tant per a modelar com per a fer mineria de dades de la distribució de galàxies. Donat una procés amb una estructura ben definida, tal i com és la distribució de galàxies, amb 'clusters', filaments i altres tipus d'agregacions de galàxies, el Models de Mescla poden descriure el seu contingut correctament. Necessitem definir el nombre d'estructures i la seua morfologia, i utilitzar aquesta informació per a construir un model que localutza i ajusta cada estructura. El model resultant és una funció de densitat de probabilitat que descriu fidelment el contingut del Procés Puntual i descriu separadament cada estructura present, permetent una eficient mineria de dades.Galaxy clustering is the aggregation of galaxies in the universe driven by the force of gravity. Galaxies tend to form bigger structures like clusters or filaments that weave the Cosmic Web. This Large Scale Structure of the Universe can be understood as the resulting distribution of galaxies, a process in which all galaxies are subjected to common forces and share universal properties. The analysis of this distribution can be dealt with Point Processes techniques, the study of point configurations in a framework. In this thesis work we use this brach of statistics in three different approaches: summary statistics, data mining and modeling. Results show that Point Process are an excellent tool to unveil the properties of the galaxy distribution as well as to model their patterns. Different data sources have been used as examples of galaxy Point Process. These include modern galaxy surveys like the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and the ALHAMBRA survey, which allow us to study and discover new properties of the galaxy distribution and its consequences in the galaxy behavior. The Counts-in-Cells distribution of a Point Process is a simple yet powerful technique to describe a distribution. For this statistic we use data from the SDSS. We fit the obtained observational distribution with four different probability density functions and compare their goodness of fit. Another example of summary statistics technique is the correlation function, which we use to describe the clustering behavior of galaxies of the ALHAMBRA survey, covering wide redshift values. With this statistic we are able to calculate the galaxy clustering of spectral segregated galaxies at small scales (< 0.2 Mpc/h) for the first time. The data mining and modeling algorithms used in this thesis are tested on galaxy and dark matter simulations, such as LasDamas simulation and the MultiDark simulation. Our first model for the galaxy distribution is the point interaction Gibbs model, a probabilistic model that describes the distribution of galaxies depending on their pairwise distances. For close galaxy pairs the model increases the intensity of the process, creating aggregated patterns. Three different models have been used, depending on the cluster profile. The Geyer model defines a top hat profile where galaxy are aggregated at higher intensities than that of the homogeneous Poisson distribution found at larger scales. The Fiksel model is a continuous profile with an exponential slope, defining higher clustering amplitudes at small scales. Finally, the Power Law model defines also a continuous profile with a pole at distance 0. The Mixture Models are a powerful tool both for modeling and mining the galaxy distribution. Given a process with a well defined structure, such as the galaxy distribution, with clusters, filaments and other kinds of galaxy aggregations, the Mixture Models can properly describe its content. We need to define the number of structures and its morphology, and use this information to build a model which localize and fit each structure. The resulting model is a probability density function which reliably describes the point process content and separately describe each present structure, allowing an efficient data mining

Galaxy clusters and groups in the ALHAMBRA Survey

We present a catalogue of 348 galaxy clusters and groups with $0.2<z<1.2$ selected in the 2.78 $deg^2$ ALHAMBRA Survey. The high precision of our photometric redshifts, close to $1\%$, and the wide spread of the seven ALHAMBRA pointings ensure that this catalogue has better mass sensitivity and is less affected by cosmic variance than comparable samples. The detection has been carried out with the Bayesian Cluster Finder (BCF), whose performance has been checked in ALHAMBRA-like light-cone mock catalogues. Great care has been taken to ensure that the observable properties of the mocks photometry accurately correspond to those of real catalogues. From our simulations, we expect to detect galaxy clusters and groups with both $70\%$ completeness and purity down to dark matter halo masses of $M_h\sim3\times10^{13}\rm M_{\odot}$ for $z<0.85$. Cluster redshifts are expected to be recovered with $\sim0.6\%$ precision for $z<1$. We also expect to measure cluster masses with $\sigma_{M_h|M^*_{CL}}\sim0.25-0.35\, dex$ precision down to $\sim3\times10^{13}\rm M_{\odot}$, masses which are $50\%$ smaller than those reached by similar work. We have compared these detections with previous optical, spectroscopic and X-rays work, finding an excellent agreement with the rates reported from the simulations. We have also explored the overall properties of these detections such as the presence of a colour-magnitude relation, the evolution of the photometric blue fraction and the clustering of these sources in the different ALHAMBRA fields. Despite the small numbers, we observe tentative evidence that, for a fixed stellar mass, the environment is playing a crucial role at lower redshifts (z$<$0.5).Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS. Catalogues and figures available online and under the following link: http://bascaso.net46.net/ALHAMBRA_clusters.htm

Teaching of Energy Issues: A debate proposal for a GLobal Reorientation

The growing awareness of serious difficulties in the learning of energy issues has produced a great deal of research, most of which is focused on specific conceptual aspects. In our opinion, the difficulties pointed out in the literature are interrelated and connected to other aspects (conceptual as well as procedural and axiological), which are not sufficiently taken into account in previous research. This paper aims to carry out a global analysis in order to avoid the more limited approaches that deal only with individual aspects. From this global analysis we have outlined 24 propositions that are put forward for debate to lay the foundations for a profound reorientation of the teaching of energy topics in upper high school courses, in order to facilitate a better scientific understanding of these topics, avoid many students' misconceptions and enhance awareness of the current situation of planetary emergency

Quantity and quality of sleep in young players of a professional football club

Purpose: To investigate the quantity and quality of sleep hours in young athletes in a professional football club, to study if there is a significant relationship with mood state and subjective well-being, and to identify the relationship between sleep and quarterly academic performance. We also explored the relationship between sleep and quarterly academic performance. Method: the study included 261 players of the various age group categories from football at Barcelona Football Club (average age:13.04 ± 3.16). Participants maintained a sleep diary and completed questionnaires on their mood state and the quantity and quality of their sleep. Results: 70% of the athletes slept less hours than recommended by the American National Sleep Foundation. Athletes with worse quantity and quality of sleep showed negative effects on academic results. Conclusions: The results show that the majority of young players sleep less than recommended and show that those who sleep more hours obtain better academic results

The Mediterranean diet: culture, health and science

S3S11,6553,311Q1Q2SCI

Return to Play After Soleus Muscle Injuries

Soleus muscle injuries are common in different sports disciplines. The time required for recovery is often difficult to predict, and reinjury is common. The length of recovery time might be influenced by different variables, such as the involved part of the muscle. Injuries in the central aponeurosis have a worse prognosis than injuries of the lateral or medial aponeurosis as well as myofascial injuries. Case series; Level of evidence, 4. A total of 61 high-level or professional athletes from several sports disciplines (soccer, tennis, track and field, basketball, triathlon, and field hockey) were reviewed prospectively to determine the recovery time for soleus muscle injuries. Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging evaluation was performed on 44 soleus muscle injuries. The association between the different characteristics of the 5 typical muscle sites, including the anterior and posterior myofascial and the lateral, central, and medial aponeurosis disruption, as well as the injury recovery time, were determined. Recovery time was correlated with age, sport, extent of edema, volume, cross-sectional area, and retraction extension or gap. Of the 44 patients with muscle injuries who were analyzed, there were 32 (72.7%) strains affecting the myotendinous junction (MT) and 12 (23.7%) strains of the myofascial junction. There were 13 injuries involving the myotendinous medial (MTM), 7 affecting the MT central (MTC), 12 the MT lateral (MTL), 8 the myofascial anterior (MFA), and 4 the myofascial posterior (MFP). The median recovery time (±SD) for all injuries was 29.1 ± 18.8 days. There were no statistically significant differences between the myotendinous and myofascial injuries regarding recovery time. The site with the worst prognosis was the MTC aponeurosis, with a mean recovery time of 44.3 ± 23.0 days. The site with the best prognosis was the MTL, with a mean recovery time of 19.2 ± 13.5 days (P <.05). There was a statistically significant correlation between recovery time and age (P <.001) and between recovery time and the extent of retraction (P <.05). Wide variation exists among the different types of soleus injuries and the corresponding recovery time for return to the same level of competitive sports. Injuries in the central aponeurosis have a significantly longer recovery time than do injuries in the lateral and medial aponeurosis and myofascial sites

POISSAOLOT PALKANLASKENNASSA - Ohjeet Aditro Oy:lle

Tämän opinnäytetyön aiheena oli poissaoloja käsittelevän ohjeen laatiminen Aditro Oy:n palkanlaskijoille. Tavoitteena oli laatia käytännönläheinen ja selkeä ohje, jota palkanlaskijat voivat hyödyntää työssään. Ohje tulee sähköisessä muodossa Aditro Oy:n sisäiseen järjestelmään. Opinnäytetyön teoreettinen viitekehys muodostuu palkanlaskentaan vaikuttavista poissaoloista. Lisäksi teoreettisessa viitekehityksessä käsitellään palkkahallintoa osana henkilöstö- ja taloushallintoa, palkanlaskentaan vaikuttavia lakeja ja säädöksiä, vuosilomaa sekä luontoisetuja. Opinnäytetyössä käsitellään myös tuotteistamista ja tuotekehitystä. Ohjeessa käsitellään erilaisia palkanlaskentaan vaikuttavia poissaoloja ja niistä aiheutuvia ilmoitusmenettelyitä kolmansille tahoille, kuten esimerkiksi Kansaneläkelaitokselle, vakuutusyhtiölle ja koulutusrahastolle. Lisäksi ohjeessa kerrotaan muun muassa poissaolon palkallisuudesta ja vuosiloman kertymisestä poissaolon aikana. Ohjeessa esitellään myös luontoisetujen käyttäytyminen tiettyjen poissaolojen aikana. Ohjeen tekemiseen kuului kolme eri vaihetta, jotka olivat ideointi, suunnittelu ja toteutus. Ohjeen ideointivaiheessa päätettiin tehdä toimeksiantajan ehdotuksesta ohje, jossa käsitellään palkanlaskentaan vaikuttavia poissaoloja. Ohjeen suunnittelu alkoi erilaisiin poissaoloihin perehtymisellä kirjallisuuden sekä eri lakien ja työehtosopimusten avulla. Suunnitteluvaiheessa etsittiin tietoa poissaoloista yleisesti. Ohjeen toteutusvaiheessa valittiin ohjeen ulkoasu. Kun ulkoasu oltiin valittu, raporttipohjalle kirjoitettiin suunnitteluvaiheessa etsityt tiedot poissaoloista. Ohjeeseen lisättiin jokaisen kappaleen perään linkki sivustolle, josta kyseinen tieto oli saatu. Linkkien avulla palkanlaskija voi halutessaan katsoa lisätietoja poissaolosta. Myös ohjeen tietojen päivittäminen helpottuu linkkien avulla.The purpose of this thesis was to write instructions concerning absence at work for Aditro Oy’s payroll analysts. The goal was to compile user-friendly and clear instructions which the payroll analysts could use in their work. The instructions will be stored as a digital version in Aditro Oy’s internal system. The theoretical part of the thesis consists of information on absences that affect the calculation of salaries. Another part of it is payroll administration as a part of personnel and financial management, laws that affect the calculation of salaries, annual leaves and benefits in kind. The thesis also studies productization and product development. The instructions contain information about different leaves that affect the calculation of salaries and the notification procedures to third party institutes such as Kansaneläkelaitos (Finnish Social Insurance Institution), insurance companies and education funds. Also, the instructions cover paid absences and the accumulation of yearly leave during these absences. The effect on benefits in kind during certain absences is also explained. There were three phases in the making of the instructions: ideation, designing and execution. During the ideation of the instructions with the mandator, it became clear that the focus would be on absences that affect the calculation of salaries. The designing of the instructions begun with finding information on absences using literature, laws and collective agreements. The designing also consisted of finding out about absences in general. The execution phase consisted of designing the appearance of the instruction. When the appearance was chosen, the information gathered on the designing phase was written in the report layout. A link to a website, containing the information used on the instructions, was added on every paragraph. By using these links a payroll analyst can find more information about certain absences. Updating the instructions will also be easier with these links

Rapid diagnostic tests and ELISA for diagnosing chronic Chagas disease: Systematic revision and meta-analysis

Factors de risc mèdic; Medicina diagnòstica; Tripanosoma cruziFactores de riesgo médicos; Medicina diagnóstica; Tripanosoma cruziMedical risk factors; Diagnostic medicine; Trypanosoma cruziObjective To determine the diagnostic validity of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDT) among individuals with suspected chronic Chagas Disease (CD). Methodology A search was made for studies with ELISA and RDT assays validity estimates as eligibility criteria, published between 2010 and 2020 on PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and LILACS. This way, we extracted the data and assessed the risk of bias and applicability of the studies using the QUADAS-2 tool. The bivariate random effects model was also used to estimate the overall sensitivity and specificity through forest-plots, ROC space, and we visually assessed the heterogeneity between studies. Meta-regressions were made using subgroup analysis. We used Deeks’ test to assess the risk of publication bias. Results 43 studies were included; 27 assessed ELISA tests; 14 assessed RDTs; and 2 assessed ELISA and RDTs, against different reference standards. 51.2 % of them used a non-comparative observational design, and 46.5 % a comparative clinical design (“case-control” type). High risk of bias was detected for patient screening and reference standard. The ELISA tests had a sensitivity of 99% (95% CI: 98–99) and a specificity of 98% (95% CI: 97–99); whereas the Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDT) had values of 95% (95% CI: 94–97) and 97% (95% CI: 96–98), respectively. Deeks’ test showed asymmetry on the ELISA assays. Conclusions ELISA and RDT tests have high validity for diagnosing chronic Chagas disease. The analysis of these two types of evidence in this systematic review and meta-analysis constitutes an input for their use. The limitations included the difficulty in extracting data due to the lack of information in the articles, and the comparative clinical-type design of some studies.SHSC, LXRL, CSC, PT were funded by the Universidad de Boyacá, Colombia. LAG was funded by the Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript