Brain drain in developing countries

Relying on an original data set on international migration by educational attainment for 1990 and 2000, we analyze the determinants of the brain drain from developing countries. We start from a simple decomposition of the brain drain in two multiplicative components, the degree of openess of sending countries (as measured by their average emigration rate) and the schooling gap (as measured by the relative education level of emigrants compared to natives). Using various regression models, we put forward the determinants of the components and explain cross-country differences in skilled migration. unsurprisingly, the brain drain is strong in small countries which are not too distant from the major OECD regions, which share colonial links with OECD countries and which send most of their migrants to host countries where quality-selective immigration programs exist. More interestingly, the brain drain increases with political instability and the degree of fractionalization at origin; it globally decreases with natives’human capital.International migration, Brain drain, Human capital, Developping countries

La politique aéroportuaire wallonne depuis la régionalisation (1988-2010)

L’objectif de cette étude est de retracer l’évolution de la politique aéroportuaire wallonne depuis la régionalisation complète de cette compétence en 1988. Ce travail s’inscrit dans un projet de recherche plus large qui a été mené au sein de l’Institut de science politique Louvain-Europe de l’Université catholique de Louvain, intitulé : « Impacts de la libéralisation sur les secteurs d’industrie de réseaux : analyse comparée des secteurs du rail et de l’aviation civile en Belgique (DUREBEL) »

Opportunity and/or necessity entrepreneurship? The impact of the socio-economic characteristics of entrepreneurs

Few studies have tried to identify the impact of the socio-economic characteristics of entrepreneurs on their opportunity-necessity positioning. Based on a sample of 538 entrepreneurs, we point out that individuals who get involved in an entrepreneurial process, have encountered a situation of necessity and/or opportunity and that the latter can take various forms. We point out the impact of the socio-economic characteristics of entrepreneurs on the alignment of their project with a necessity or opportunity entrepreneurial dynamics. The existence of sub-profiles of entrepreneurs within the necessity-opportunity typology is also highlighted. We point out, for instance, that not all jobseekers are necessity entrepreneurs and that new venture creation based on family pressure may convey both a necessity and opportunity dimension. Finally, our survey reveals a new kind of entrepreneurship: the hobby entrepreneurship.Necessity - Opportunity - motivations

Brain drain in developing regions (1990 - 2000)

In this paper, we analyze the distribution of the brain drain in the LAC region (Latin America and the Caribbean), Asia and Africa. We rely on an original data set on international migration by educational attainment for 1990 and 2000. Our analysis reveals that the brain drain is strong in Eastern, Middle and Western Africa, Central America and the Caribbean. However, the Kernel approach suggests that the dispersion and the intradistribution dynamics of skilled migration rates strongly differ across regions. We then tautologically disentangle the brain drain into two multiplicative components, the global migration rate and the selection bias. Among the most affected countries, LAC countries suffer from high migration rates whilst most African countries suffer from high selection biases. Finally, exploratory Moran's tests reveal strong spatial, political and cultural autocorrelations in migration rates and selection biases. The latter result suggests that skilled workers react differently than unskilled workers to a large set of variables

Vers une complémentarité des alternatives alimentaires : relocalisation des activités et écologisation des pratiques au sein de trois alternatives de distribution à Bruxelles

À partir de l’analyse des pratiques de territorialisation et d’écologisation de trois systèmes alimentaires alternatifs bruxellois, l’article illustre que ces pratiques peuvent être très diverses, en prenant des formes et des intensités variables. Grâce à une comparaison, l’article présente différentes combinaisons entre territorialisation et écologisation au sein de ces trois systèmes alternatifs de distribution, qui sont pourtant activées dans le cadre d’une vision commune de la durabilité. Il montre que les modèles et les projets influencent les choix, qu’aucune combinaison ne fait une différence réelle au niveau des effets produits sur les parties prenantes de chacun de ces systèmes. En conclusion, la contribution, plutôt que d’orienter normativement vers l’une ou l’autre stratégie combinatoire qui serait plus durable, plaide pour considérer la complémentarité entre les différentes pratiques.Analyzing practices that re-localize food and make food chains more sustainable in the context of three alternative food networks (AFN) in Brussels, this paper shows that these practices can be of huge diversity, in terms of models as well as in terms of intensity. Through comparative analysis of the three cases, it shows that the questions of re-localize and make food systems more sustainable can lead to different strategies while the general objective of sustainability is formally shared and collectively constructed. It illustrates that AFNs projects’ are leading the main choices but that no strategy makes the difference regarding the effects on direct stakeholders in each AFN. As conclusion, the paper, argues to consider complementarity between AFNs practices more than choosing which one is the best/more sustainable

Determining relative bulk viscosity of kilometre-scale crustal units using field observations and numerical modelling

Though the rheology of kilometre-scale polymineralic rock units is crucial for reliable large-scale, geotectonic models, this information is difficult to obtain. In geotectonic models, a layer is defined as an entity at the kilometre scale, even though it is heterogeneous at the millimetre to metre scale. Here, we use the shape characteristics of the boundaries between rock units to derive the relative bulk viscosity of those units at the kilometre scale. We examine the shape of a vertically oriented ultramafic, harzburgitic-lherzolitic unit, which developed a kilometre-scale pinch and swell structure at mid-crustal conditions (~ 600 °C, ~ 8.5 kbar), in the Anita Shear Zone, New Zealand. The ultramafic layer is embedded between a typical polymineralic paragneiss to the west, and a feldspar-quartz-hornblende orthogneiss, to the east. Notably, the boundaries on either side of the ultramafic layer give the ultramafics an asymmetric shape. Microstructural analysis shows that deformation was dominated by dislocation creep (n = 3). Based on the inferred rheological behaviour from the field, a series of numerical simulations are performed. Relative and absolute values are derived for bulk viscosity of the rock units by comparing boundary tortuosity difference measured on the field example and the numerical series. Our analysis shows that during deformation at mid-crustal conditions, paragneisses can be ~ 30 times less viscous than an ultramafic unit, whereas orthogneisses have intermediate viscosity, ~ 3 times greater than the paragneisses. If we assume a strain rate of 10⁻ ¹⁴ s⁻ ¹ the ultramafic, orthogneiss and paragneiss have syn-deformational viscosities of 3 × 10²², 2.3 × 10²¹ and 9.4 × 10²⁰ Pa s, respectively. Our study shows pinch and swell structures are useful as a gauge to assess relative bulk viscosity of rock units based on shape characteristics at the kilometre scale and in non-Newtonian flow regimes, even where heterogeneity occurs within the units at the outcrop scale

Novice creators: Personal identity and push pull dynamics

Our goal is to examine whether individuals’ (re)orientation towards entrepreneurship can be interpreted in terms of push-pull dynamics. We describe these dynamics and clarify the interaction between them and individual characteristics of entrepreneurs. We apply a principal component analysis on the results of a socio-economic survey to identify the differences between push and pull dynamics. We show that individuals who engage in entrepreneurial activities encountered disruptive situations or opportunities. These individuals can therefore be defined in terms of the push or pull dynamics they are affected by with various degrees of intensity. We also demonstrate that the disruptive situations and opportunities leading to entrepreneurial activities are of very different nature, and, consequently, that the push and pull dynamics can take a variety of forms. Finally, the results of our regression analysis highlight the influence of entrepreneurs’ social position and biographical past on their positioning in terms of push-pull dynamics

Facteurs influençant la croissance de l'emploi des PME wallonnes

Les entreprises en croissance et, a fortiori, les entreprises à forte et à très forte croissance, constituant une exception, mais contribuant plus que proportionnellement à la création d'emploi, il est essentiel de mieux cerner le phénomène de croissance. Celui-ci a déjà donné lieu à de nombreux travaux empiriques manquant toutefois d'ancrage théorique et se limitant à l'analyse de l'impact d'un nombre limité de types de variables. Après avoir choisi le modèle théorique qui sera utilisé pour analyser causalement la croissance, nous tenterons d'identifier les différents types de variables ayant donné lieu aux résultats les plus significatifs et de les tester simultanément. Ces variables feront l'objet d'une étude empirique sur un échantillon de plus de 500 primo-créateurs wallons. Plutôt que de formaliser la croissance des entreprises au travers d'une équation linéaire, comme c'est le cas de la plupart des travaux en sciences de gestion, sans distinguer les entreprises en décroissance de celles en stabilité, en croissance, en forte ou en très forte croissance, le modèle empirique utilisé est de type Tobit, permettant de tenir compte du fait que certaines entreprises ont connu une décroissance, une stagnation ou une croissance inférieure à des seuils de forte ou de très forte. L'originalité de cette communication repose donc sur son ancrage théorique, la diversité des types de variables étudiées, ses données et le traitement statistique choisi. Nos résultats montrent que quatre variables relatives à l'entrepreneur, trois variables concernant la firme et la seule variable choisie ayant trait à la stratégie, influencent significativement la croissance. Par contre, l'environnement ne semble pas avoir d'impact. Nos résultats démontrent que la croissance ne peut être appréhendée que dans une perspective multidimensionnelle et plaident pour l'adoption d'un modèle théorique complet intégrant des variables explicatives de types divers.En outre, elle ne peut être étudiée que dans ses déclinaisons, sous forme de croissance positive, de croissance forte ou très forte