Kopsu hiiglaslik ehhinokokiline tsüst

Ehhinokokoos (echinococcosis) on tänapäevani oluline tervishoiuprobleem. Haigus esineb endeemiliselt arenenud loomakasvatuspiirkondades kogu maailmas ja seda põhjustab parasiit Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus vogeli või Echinococcus multilocularis. Ehhinokokoosi korral tekivad elundites ühe- või mitmekambrilised põistangud ehk tsüstid. Kõige sagedamini paiknevad tsüstid maksas ja/või kopsus. Tsüstid suurenevad pikkamööda ja võivad saavutada 15–20 cm läbimõõdu. Haigus progresseerub väga aeglaselt ja selle diagnoosimine on keeruline. Parimaks on osutunud kirurgiline ravi. Eesti Arst 2004; 83 (12): 839–84

Organic Cropping Systems do not Increase Weed Seed Numbers but do Increase Weed Diversity

The influence of different cropping systems on the soil weed seed bank after the first crop rotation within a five-field crop rotation (barley undersown with red clover, red clover, winter wheat, pea, potato) in three organic (Org) and in two conventional (Conv) cropping systems was investigated. In organic systems Org I and Org II cover crops were incorporated as a source of nutrient inputs to the soil and in Org II composted cattle manure was also applied. The Org 0 acted as the organic control system without cover crops and manure. The two conventional cropping systems were treated with herbicides and fungicides and differed in fertilizer application (i.e. Conv I no fertilizer use (as control) and Conv II mineral fertilizer use). In general, the lowest number of annual weed seeds was found in system Conv I, the highest in Conv II. In organic systems with cover crops (Org I, II) there was a strong tendency for decreased weed seed numbers and increased biodiversity. The highest values of the Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Margalef richness index were in Org II system. In all systems the most abundant species in weed seed banks were Chenopodium album L. and Viola arvensis Murr

Changes in the Soil Microbial Hydrolytic Activity and the Content of Organic Carbon and Total Nitrogen by Growing Spring Barley Undersown with Red Clover in Different Farming Systems

The experiments were carried out during 2012–2017. There were 5 crops in rotation: Red clover, winter wheat, pea, potato and barley undersown (us) with red clover. There were 5 cropping systems in the experimental setup: 2 conventional systems with chemical plant protection and mineral fertilizers; 3 organic systems which included winter cover crops and farm manure. The aim of the present research was to study the e_ect of cultivating barley undersown with red clover and the preceding winter cover crop on the soil microbial hydrolytic activity, the change in the content of soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (Ntot) compared to the same parameters from the field that was previously under potato cultivation (forecrop of barley in the rotation). The cultivation of barley with red clover (barley (us)) had a positive impact on the soil micro-organisms activity. In organic systems the soil microbial hydrolytic activity increased on average by 19.0%, compared to the conventional systems. By cultivating barley (us) the soil microbial hydrolytic activity had a significant e_ect on the SOC content only in organic systems where winter cover crops were used. Organic cultivation systems had positive impact on the soil nitrogen content; Ntot in samples taken before sowing the barley (us) was higher by 17.4% and after the cultivation of barley (us) by 14.4% compared to conventional systems, as an average of experimental years. After cultivation of barley (us) with red clover the soil microbial hydrolytic activity had no e_ect on the soil Ntot content in either cultivation systems

Erinevate viljelusviiside pikaajalise kasutamise mõju mulla toitainete sisaldusele

Taimedele oluliste makrotoiteelementide (N, P, K) sisaldused mullas on 10 aasta jooksul nii mahe- kui ka tavasüsteemi kõigi variantide mullas vähenenud. Lämmastikukadu mullast oli mahesüsteemi variantidel väiksem kui tavasüsteemi variantidel, seega mulla lämmastikusisalduse järgi oli maheviljeluse süsteem mullaviljakust säästvam kui tavaviljeluse süsteem. Mulla fosforisisalduse taset hoidev oli mahesüsteemis väetamisvariant, kus kasvatati talviseid vahekultuure ja külvikorra jooksul väetati taimi kolm korda sõnnikuga ning tavasüsteemis maksimaalses koguses lämmastikku saav variant. Kaaliumisisaldus vähenes kõigi katses olnud variantide mullas. Et kaaliumisisaldus ei väheneks kriitilise piirini, peab mulda viidava kaaliumi kogust suurendama – mahesüsteemis on soovitav kasutada looduslikel mineraalidel põhinevaid mahepõllumajanduses lubatud väetisi ja tavasüsteemis suurendada näiteks kartulile antava K kogust. Võimalik on ka muuta külvikorras kasvatatavaid kultuure

Impact of Weather Conditions and Farming Systems on Size Distribution of Starch Granules and Flour Yield of Winter Wheat

The size distribution of wheat-grain starch granules has an impact on the yield of finne flour. The aim of the study was to compare the impact of conventional (mineral fertilizers, pesticides) and organic farming treatments (cover crops, composted cattle manure) on (i) the size distribution of starch granules, (ii) the level of the first break whole and fine flour yield. The grain samples of winter wheat cv Fredis were taken from a long-term field crop rotation experiment established in 2008 at the Estonian University of Life Sciences in Tartu County (58°22′ N, 26°40′ E) on Stagnic Luvisol soil. The weather conditions during the grain filling period of winter wheat had a strong impact (p < 0.001) on the grain starch granule size distribution. The proportion of starch granules with a smaller diameter (C-type granules) was higher in years with a longer grain filling period. The size distribution of starch granules was not influenced by farming system. The increased proportion of C-type granules increased the fine flour yield significantly. Fertilisation with organic manure and twice with mineral nitrogen increased significantly the mean diameter value of different starch granules

Usual energy and macronutrient intakes in 2-9-year-old European children

OBJECTIVE: Valid estimates of population intakes are essential for monitoring trends as well as for nutritional interventions, but such data are rare in young children. In particular, the problem of misreporting in dietary data is usually not accounted for. Therefore, this study aims to provide accurate estimates of intake distributions in European children. DESIGN: Cross-sectional setting-based multi-centre study. SUBJECTS: A total of 9560 children aged 2-9 years from eight European countries with at least one 24-h dietary recall (24-HDR). METHODS: The 24-HDRs were classified in three reporting groups based on age- and sex-specific Goldberg cutoffs (underreports, plausible reports, overreports). Only plausible reports were considered in the final analysis (N=8611 children). The National Cancer Institute (NCI)-Method was applied to estimate population distributions of usual intakes correcting for the variance inflation in short-term dietary data. RESULTS: The prevalence of underreporting (9.5%) was higher compared with overreporting (3.4%). Exclusion of misreports resulted in a shift of the energy and absolute macronutrient intake distributions to the right, and further led to the exclusion of extreme values, that is, mean values and lower percentiles increased, whereas upper percentiles decreased. The distributions of relative macronutrient intakes (% energy intake from fat/carbohydrates/proteins) remained almost unchanged when excluding misreports. Application of the NCI-Method resulted in markedly narrower intake distributions compared with estimates based on single 24-HDRs. Mean percentages of usual energy intake from fat, carbohydrates and proteins were 32.2, 52.1 and 15.7%, respectively, suggesting the majority of European children are complying with common macronutrient intake recommendations. In contrast, total water intake (mean: 1216.7 ml per day) lay below the recommended value for >90% of the children. CONCLUSION: This study provides recent estimates of intake distributions of European children correcting for misreporting as well as for the daily variation in dietary data. These data may help to assess the adequacy of young children's diets in Europe

The soil microbial hydrolytic activity, content of nitrogen and organic carbon were enhanced by organic farming management using cover crops and composts in potato cultivation

Nowadays, in sustainable agriculture growing winter cover crops and using organic manure have been widely implemented to improve soil quality which leads to increase of microbial activity. Six-year study was performed to evaluate the effect of cropping system on soil microbial hydrolytic activity, content of soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (Ntot) under potato cultivation by considering various management systems, while comparing the soil parameters after previous crop. The experiment consisted of five-field crop rotation with two diferent organic (Org 0 as control and Org II with winter cover crops plus added composted manure) and conventional (Conv 0 as control and Conv II with mineral N, 150 kg ha–1) farming systems. The results showed that hydrolytic activity of soil microbes decreased in every farming system Under potato cultivation. Interestingly, after potato cultivation, the lowest and highest decrease in the soil microbial hydrolytic activity were seen in Org II and Conv II systems, respectively. The highest soil microbial hydrolytic activity was measured in system Org II where incorporation of biomass from winter cover crops and cattle manure was used. Finally, SOC and Ntot were higher in organic farming systems and there no significant changes after potato cultivation

Viljelusviiside mõju kartuli saagile, saagi kvaliteedile ning mulla toiteelementide sisaldusele

The experiments were carried out in the Eerika test site of Rõhu experimental station of Institute of agricultural and environmental sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences in 2012–2016. There were 5 succeeding crops in rotation: red clover, winter wheat, pea, potato and barley undersown with red clover. Four cropping systems were studied. The objective of present research was to investigate the effect of cropping systems on the yield components of potato and on the quality parameters of tubers. Another target was to study the effect of potato cropping systems on the soil nutrient content. The results of the 5 year study revealed that the cropping systems did not have any significant effect on the formation of potato yield components and the quality parameters of the tubers. It was concluded that soil nutrient content is of vital importance in potato cultivation because the crop harvest leaves the soil depleted of nutrients. By cultivating the potato in an organic field the soil potassium content was decreased by 15%. It was also observed that the content of magnesium was limited after potato harvest. In order to compensate for the nutrient deficiency winter cover crops with high K and Mg binding properties and deep root systems should be used according to the specific cultivation site

Talvine vahekultuur mõjutab kartulimugulate hõbekärnaga nakatumist

Kartuli (Solanum tuberosum L.) hõbekärn (Helminthosporium solani Durieu, Mont) on seenhaigus, mis viimastel aastatel on osutunud tootmises äärmiselt problemaatiliseks. Haigustekitaja nakatab valmivaid mugulaid juba mullas, kuid eoste kaudu levib haigus hoidlas jõudsalt edasi, mistõttu peetakse hõbekärna ka säilitushaiguseks. Patogeen tungib mugulasse läbi loomulike avade siis, kui mugulad on saavutanud juba oma suuruse ja massi, kuid toimub veel koore kinnistumine. Seetõttu on vajalik mugulad põllult võimalikult ruttu koristada. Hõbekärna nakatunud mugulate koore pinnale tekivad pruunikashallid laigud. Kui mugulad puutuvad kokku veega ilmneb nakatunud kohal iseloomulik hõbe-metalne läige. Eriti hästi ongi haigust näha just pestud mugulate pinnalt. Nakatunud mugulatel levivad haiguskolded jõudsalt üle terve mugula ning haigus levib edasi tervetele mugulatele, mis omakorda nakatuvad. Kui hõbekärn on katnud kogu mugula pinna, hakkab selle veesisaldus järk-järgult vähenema. Tekivad massikaod, sest nakatunud mugulad tõmbuvad veekao tõttu kokku. Mugulate hõbekärna nakatumist ei ole võimalik maapealse biomassi järgi tuvastada, sest haigus maapealsel osal ei lööbi. Samuti puuduvad andmed, kui pikalt on hõbekärna tekitaja mullas elujõuvõimeline. Hõbekärna tõrjumiseks puuduvad veel praktilised võtted ning ühtlasi puuduvad ka hõbekärna tekitaja suhtes resistentsed sordid Lebeca jt., mis teeb hõbekärnast kartulikasvatuses ühe ohtlikuma haiguse. Seetõttu ongi vaja uurida, millised agronoomilised võtted on võimelised vähendama mugulate hõbekärnaga nakatumist

Eesti- ja Liivimaa talurahva olukorrast Rootsi aja lõpus

The status of peasantry in Estland and Livland at the end of the Swedish reign Enn Küng: In May 2013, a seminar on the topic “Serfdom or freedom: changes in the status of peasantry in the end of the Swedish reign” was held at the University of Tartu. It was instigated by a debate in the Estonian historical discourse during the last two decades on the status of the post-reduction crown peasantry in Estland and Livland. The debate started in 1996 when Aleksander Loit gave a paper titled “On the abolishment of serfdom in Estonia during the Swedish reign”. There he presented a novel idea that King Charles XI of Sweden not only wanted to improve the situation of peasants in the Baltic provinces, but actually abolished serfdom in the manors nationalized during the reduction – in Livland in 1681 and in Estland in 1687. Several – but not all – historians agreed with Loit. In order to discuss this important issue more thoroughly a new debate was organized, the results of which are presented here. Aleksander Loit: By the beginning of the seventeenth century, the former crown property in Estland and Livland was almost entirely enfeoffed to the nobility. The situation was reversed with the reduction when all the enfeoffments by Swedish authorities were renationalized and the majority of the arable land was taken back by the crown. Apart from the fact that the state revenues from Estland and Livland multiplied, the reduction brought along changes in the existing social order, such as the liquidation of the feudal system and the abolishment of serfdom. Peasants of the crown manors became the subjects of the king and had to be treated similarly to other peasants in the Swedish realm. Political power and the position of the nobility weakened both in relation to the monarchical power and the subordinated peasants. In crown manors, the feudal system was replaced by the lease holding system, whereby the leaseholders were not permitted to join the local knighthoods. Kalle Kroon: Nationalization of the crown manors in Estland and Livland at the end of the seventeenth century was accompanied by the abolishment of serfdom of the crown peasantry. Although the owners of farmsteads had to stay put, their sons were given the freedom to choose a profession, either by joining the army or by acquiring education for the position of a schoolmaster. The end to the attachment to land for the new generation and the freedom to decide over their own labor testify to the absence of serfdom, which is characteristic of the process of the abolishment of serfdom in Early Modern Europe at the end of the seventeenth and the beginning of the eighteenth century. Aivar Põldvee: A more definite answer to the question of the abolishment of serfdom probably would be available if the Great Northern War had ended with Sweden’s victory. Now one can only talk about the preliminary goals and the processes which were not accomplished. I focus on two issues, which can be taken as a model. First, the treatment of complaints by the peasants of Swedish origin who lived in Estonia by both the relevant commission and the council of the realm in 1684–85. The Swedish state viewed the legal status of the Swedish peasants in Estonia as some sort of an example to be applied to other peasants in Estland and Livland. However, the top officials in Sweden did not have a clear understanding what their status actually was. Only after a lengthy dispute, the council reached a conclusion in 1685, according to which these peasants were as free as the nobility’s peasants (frälsebönder) in Sweden. In reality, the resolution did not protect the Swedish peasants in Estonia from the encroachment of their rights by manor leaseholders. Secondly, there is a resolution from 1687 which demanded that the sons of peasants not be hindered in pursuing education (bokliga konster) or joining the army. In connection with the establishment of the peasant schools, both pupils and peasant schoolmasters achieved freedom of movement. There were schoolmasters who started to work far from their homes, even in another province. There were cases, however, when the leaseholders of crown estates demanded the return of schoolmasters as their former serfs. On the whole, the freedom of movement of schoolmasters testifies to the mitigation of serfdom. Marten Seppel: What changed in the status of the peasantry in Estland and Livland at the end of the seventeenth century? The source material allows us to conclude that King Charles XI’s demands to improve the status of the crown peasantry in Livland and Estland brought about three major changes in their condition: the judicial authority of the leaseholders of the crown estates was considerably restricted, the peasants’ right to complain to the authorities was guaranteed, and the crown peasants were not to be sold. In other aspects, the status of the crown peasants changed little, although they could hope for protection from the provincial authorities against their leaseholders. The peasants’ property and trading rights remained in principle the same as in the private estates; they had no right to leave their manor by their own will; they could not own guns or other weapons; their obligations of customary dues and statute labor was fixed and not substantially changed. The authorities’ attitude toward the crown peasants can be characterized by the fact that similarly to serfs in private estates, they could be ‘transported’ from one crown manor to another whenever this was considered economically worthwhile