Iridium complexes bearing a PNP ligand, favoring facile C(sp^3)–H bond cleavage

Hydrogen iodide is lost upon reaction of PNP with IrI_3, where PNP = 2,6-bis-(di-t-butylphosphinomethyl)pyridine to give crystallographically characterized Ir(PNP)*(I)_2, which reacts with H_2 to give Ir(PNP)(H)(I)_2. Ir(PNP)(Cl)_3 is relatively inert towards the intramolecular C–H activation of the tert-butyl's of the PNP ligand

Rhodium complexes bearing tetradentate diamine-bis(phenolate) ligands

Using tetradentate, dianionic ligands, several new rhodium complexes have been prepared. Some of these diamine-bis(phenolate) compounds, are active for C–H activation of benzene. These complexes are air and thermally stable. All four complexes were characterized by X-ray diffraction

Direct Contact Membrane Distillation for Desalination of High Salinity Brines: Fundamentals and Application

Membrane distillation is a cost effective solution for the treatment of high salinity wastewater where reverse osmosis is not feasible, especially if waste heat is utilized for its operation. One such example of high salinity wastewater is produced water generated as a consequence of hydraulic fracturing used for natural gas extraction from unconventional onshore resources. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of treating such high salinity wastewaters by employing membrane distillation while using waste heat as a source of energy to drive the process and by using produced water as an example wastewater. When commercially available membranes were tested in a direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) system, the membranes exhibited excellent rejections of ions with no flux degradation due to fouling. However, it was found that concentration polarization (CP) was significantly higher when treating high salinity feed water and the CP effect could not be accurately estimated using current methods of calculation. Based on lab scale studies, an ASPEN Plus simulation was developed to simulate the operation of large scale systems and estimate energy requirements of the DCMD process to treat produced water in the state of Pennsylvania by using exhaust stream of Natural Gas Compressor Station (NG CS) as the waste heat source. The results from this study suggested that the waste heat available from NG CS is sufficient to treat all the produced water generated in Pennsylvania regardless of its initial salinity. In an attempt to study the effect of concentration polarization that was found to be significant during DCMD tests with produced water, and has been neglected in most membrane distillation studies, a novel spatially resolved non-intrusive spectrophotometric method was developed to measure the concentration profile of solute near the membrane surface in a direct contact membrane distillation system. The objective was to probe the concentration profile of solute and analyze the impact of operating parameters, such as feed concentration, hydrodynamic conditions and feed temperature, on the solute concentration profile in the boundary layer. A key finding of this study is that the conventional approach of estimating the effect of concentration polarization severely under predicts the boundary layer thickness (BLT) and concentration polarization coefficient (CPC). The results of this study highlight the need to develop new methods to estimate the BLT and CPC as the conventional approach of mass transfer analogy of heat transfer does not agree with experimental observations obtained for a membrane distillation system

Internet Search Tool with Query Builder for Users in Rural Area

By 2020, Internet of things will spread all over the world, touching every aspect of human life with automation. What about rural areas? In most part of the world where using computer is a dream, Internet is far away. What about people who are unable to decide the correctness of the information available on the Internet. Automation will make life luxurious in rural areas at some extent. What if information-poor people want to purchase a book, take admission for their child in good college? For such people, here an Internet search tool is proposed which will act as a mediator between user and Google. This tool will filter results returned by Google by removing unwanted pages, media, images and making use of big data technology to store frequently visited pages. This utility is returning relevant pages to the user. Apart from people in the rural area, the tool is also useful for students who are unable to decide the correctness of the information and are often overloaded by thousands of results returned by Google. Proposed utility also contains Query construction tool which will help a user to construct an appropriate query

Mechanism of efficient anti-Markovnikov olefin hydroarylation catalyzed by homogeneous Ir(III) complexes

The mechanism of the hydroarylation reaction between unactivated olefins (ethylene, propylene, and styrene) and benzene catalyzed by [(R)Ir(μ-acac-O,O,C^3)-(acac-O,O)_2]_2 and [R-Ir(acac-O,O)_2(L)] (R = acetylacetonato, CH_3, CH_2CH_3, Ph, or CH_2CH_2Ph, and L = H_2O or pyridine) Ir(III) complexes was studied by experimental methods. The system is selective for generating the anti-Markovnikov product of linear alkylarenes (61 : 39 for benzene + propylene and 98 : 2 for benzene + styrene). The reaction mechanism was found to follow a rate law with first-order dependence on benzene and catalyst, but a non-linear dependence on olefin. ^(13)C-labelling studies with CH_3^(13)CH_2-Ir-Py showed that reversible β-hydride elimination is facile, but unproductive, giving exclusively saturated alkylarene products. The migration of the ^(13)C-label from the α to β-positions was found to be slower than the C–H activation of benzene (and thus formation of ethane and Ph-d_5-Ir-Py). Kinetic analysis under steady state conditions gave a ratio of the rate constants for CH activation and β-hydride elimination (k_(CH): k_β) of 0.5. The comparable magnitude of these rates suggests a common rate determining transition state/intermediate, which has been shown previously with B3LYP density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Overall, the mechanism of hydroarylation proceeds through a series of pre-equilibrium dissociative steps involving rupture of the dinuclear species or the loss of L from Ph-Ir-L to the solvento, 16-electron species, Ph-Ir(acac-O,O)_2-Sol (where Sol refers to coordinated solvent). This species then undergoes trans to cis isomerization of the acetylacetonato ligand to yield the pseudo octahedral species cis-Ph-Ir-Sol, which is followed by olefin insertion (the regioselective and rate determining step), and then activation of the C–H bond of an incoming benzene to generate the product and regenerate the catalyst

Qualitative analysis of pollen grains through honey samples collected from the different villages of Rahuri tehsil

Honey is one the oldest food of mankind and there have been references to it. Today honey is regarded as an important food and nutrient throughout the world.  Honey bees utilize certain natural raw materials that are identifiable in honey.  These raw materials are pollen and nectar from flowers of various plants major source of protein for bees.  Identification of pollen found in honey shows to give clear idea honey bees visit to particular plant to the nectar regarding and content into honey.  This study carried out to determine different types of pollen observed in honey sample by pollen analysis method with the help of Compound Microscope.  The samples were collected from different villages of Rahuri tehsil during months of October to January. Keywords- Pollen grains, honey, pollen analysis, Rahuri tehsi

Effective Microorganisms: Myth or reality?

Th e increase in population has lead to intensifi cation of agricultural systems. Due to the use of pesticides the productivity of agricultural systems has increased but environmental deterioration and unsustainable systems are the consequences of these ways of management. Th e environmentally friendly Eff ective Microorganisms (EM) technology claims an enormous amount of benefi ts (claimed by the companies). Th e use of EM as an addictive to manure or as a spray directly in the fi elds may increase the microfauna diversity of the soil and many benefi ts are derived from that increase. It seems that suffi cient information is available about this new technology. Th e aim of this project is to make an analysis of the literature about EM and answer the following questions: 1) how much is known about EM?, 2) how much research is done on EM?, 3) what are the principals of EM?, what are the socio-economic implications of EM?. We want to answer these questions in order to publish the facts about EM and its socio-economic implications.Th e increase in population has lead to intensifi cation of agricultural systems. Due to the use of pesticides the productivity of agricultural systems has increased but environmental deterioration and unsustainable systems are the consequences of these ways of management. Th e environmentally friendly Eff ective Microorganisms (EM) technology claims an enormous amount of benefi ts (claimed by the companies). Th e use of EM as an addictive to manure or as a spray directly in the fi elds may increase the microfauna diversity of the soil and many benefi ts are derived from that increase. It seems that suffi cient information is available about this new technology. Th e aim of this project is to make an analysis of the literature about EM and answer the following questions: 1) how much is known about EM?, 2) how much research is done on EM?, 3) what are the principals of EM?, what are the socio-economic implications of EM?. We want to answer these questions in order to publish the facts about EM and its socio-economic implications

Synthesis, structure, and applications of metallacyclic alkylidene complexes of molybdenum and tungsten

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Michigan State University. Chemistry, 2009Includes bibliographical reference

Pharmacognostic Study of Leaves of Kigelia pinnata (Lam) Benth

The  Kigelia pinnata (Lam) Benth is a species of the Bignoniaceae family commonly known as Kigelia africana is locally known as waghul phul.  The adult sausage tree has spectabular fruits these can weigh several kilogram hence the tree English common name worsboom.  Wherever the trees grows it is usually evergreen especially places where rainfall occurs throughout the year but deciduous in places of long dry season. Kigelia pinnata is renowned for its traditional application as anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidant, anti –microbial, and anti-cancer effects.  It contains chemical constituent like kigenol, kigelinone7, kigenol12, iso-kigenolls. In the present work pharmacognostic studies are carried out to investigate its medicinal properties.  The study consists of macroscopic character of the plant Kigelia pinnata physico-chemical parameters like total ash, acid insoluble ash, thin layer chromatography etc.  Keywords-  Kigelia pinnata,  pharmacognostic studies,  total ash, acid insoluble ash, thin layer chromatograph