The Black Lives Matter Movement and Why the Response of All Lives Matter is Misleading

This paper discusses the Black Lives Matter movement, it’s brief history and relevance, and the problem with the response of All Lives Matter and how it is misleading. It discusses incidents leading up to the initial Social Media hashtag and how the statement took off as a rallying cry in response to any incident which seemed to be racially motivated, especially in situations where police officers were involved resulting in the death of African American citizens. This article examines how the organization was first developed in response to the killing of Trayvon Martin by George Zimmerman and his acquittal of murder charges in the resulting court case in 2013. Additionally, I discuss the media and conservative backlash in response to the group’s activities, and examine the criticisms of their actions, even trying to claim the Black Lives Matter organization itself should be considered a hate group. My paper comes from the perspective of a white male disgusted with modern racism having been a lifelong student of the Civil Rights and Black Liberation Movements while growing up in the diverse and politically charged atmosphere of Berkeley, CA and its surrounding Bay Area. Having been influenced and inspired by the powerful and socially conscious lyrics of Hip Hop of the late 80s through the 90s, I bring a unique voice to the conversation of current race relations

What Linear Estimators Miss: Re-Examining the Effects of Family Income on Child Outcomes

This paper uses a rich Norwegian dataset to re-examine the causal relationship between family income and child outcomes. Motivated by theoretical predictions and OLS results that suggest a nonlinear relationship, we depart from previous studies in allowing the marginal effects on children’s outcomes of an increase in family income to vary across the income distribution. Our nonlinear IV and fixed-effect estimates show an increasing, concave relationship between family income and children's educational attainment and IQ. The linear estimates, however, suggest small, if any, effect of family income, because they assign little weight to the large marginal effects at the lower part of the income distribution.instrumental variables estimation, fixed effects estimation, nonlinearities, child development, family income, linear models

A Flying Start? Maternity Leave Benefits and Long Run Outcomes of Children

We study the impact on children of increasing maternity leave benefits using a reform that increased paid and unpaid maternity leave in Norway in July 1977. Mothers giving birth before this date were eligible only for 12 weeks of unpaid leave, while those giving birth after were entitled to 4 months of paid leave and 12 months of unpaid leave. This increased time with the child led to a 2.7 percentage points decline in high school dropout and a 5% increase in wages at age 30. For mothers with low education we find a 5.2 percentage points decline in high school dropout and an 8% increase in wages at age 30. The effect is especially large for children of those mothers who, prior to the reform, would take very low levels of unpaid leave.maternity leave, children's outcomes

A flying start? Long term consequences of maternal time investments in children during their first year of life

We study the impact of increasing the time that the mother spends with her child in the first year of her life. In particular, we examine a reform that increased paid and unpaid maternity leave entitlements in Norway. In response to this reform, maternal leave increased on average by 4 months and family income was unaffected. We find that this increase in maternal time with the child led to a 2.7 percentage points decline in high school dropout rates, going up to 5.2 percentage points for those whose mothers have less than 10 years of education. This effect is especially large for children of mothers who, in the absence of the reform, would take very low levels of unpaid leave. Finally, there is a weak impact on college attendance. The results also suggest that much of the impact of early time with the child is at low levels of maternal education.

A Universal Temperature Profile for Galaxy Clusters

We investigate the predicted present-day temperature profiles of the hot, X-ray emitting gas in galaxy clusters for two cosmological models - a current best-guess LCDM model and standard cold dark matter (SCDM). Our numerically-simulated "catalogs" of clusters are derived from high-resolution (15/h kpc) simulations which make use of a sophisticated, Eulerian-based, Adaptive Mesh-Refinement (AMR) code that faithfully captures the shocks which are essential for correctly modelling cluster temperatures. We show that the temperature structure on Mpc-scales is highly complex and non-isothermal. However, the temperature profiles of the simulated LCDM and SCDM clusters are remarkably similar and drop-off as $T +AFw-propto (1+-r/a_x)^{-+AFw-delta}$ where $a_x +AFw-sim r_{vir}/1.5$ and $+AFw-delta +AFw-sim 1.6$. This decrease is in good agreement with the observational results of Markevitch et al.(1998) but diverges, primarily in the innermost regions, from their fit which assumes a polytropic equation of state. Our result is also in good agreement with a recent sample of clusters observed by BeppoSAX though there is some indication of missing physics at small radii ($r<0.2 r_{vir}$). We discuss the interpretation of our results and make predictions for new x-ray observations that will extend to larger radii than previously possible. Finally, we show that, for $r>0.2 r_{vir}$, our universal temperature profile is consistent with our most recent simulations which include both radiative cooling and supernovae feedback.Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ, full-page version of Fig. 2 at http://www.cita.utoronto.ca/+AH4-cloken/PAPERS/UTP/f2.ep

The Evolution of X-Ray Clusters in a Cold Plus Hot Dark Matter Universe

We present the first self-consistently computed results on the evolution of X-ray properties of galaxy clusters in a Cold + Hot Dark Matter (CHDM) model. We have performed a hydrodynamic plus N-body simulation for the COBE-compatible CHDM model with standard mass components: Omega(hot) = 0.3, Omega(cold) = 0.6 and Omega(baryon) = 0.1 (h = 0.5). In contrast with the CDM model, which fails to reproduce the observed temperature distribution function dN/dT (Bryan et al. 1994b), the CHDM model fits the observational dN/dT quite well. Our results on X-ray luminosity are less firm but even more intriguing. We find that the resulting X-ray luminosity functions at redshifts z = 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.7 are well fit by observations, where they overlap. The fact that both temperatures and luminosities provide a reasonable fit to the available observational data indicates that, unless we are missing some essential physics, there is neither room nor need for a large fraction of gas in rich clusters: 10% (or less) in baryons is sufficient to explain their X-ray properties. We also see a tight correlation between X-ray luminosity and gas temperature.Comment: 11 pages, 3 figures uuencoded postscript file, (92 kb), accepted for publication in Astrophysical Journal Letters. Also available via anonymous ftp at zeus.ncsa.uiuc.edu in gc3/publications/gc3005, LCA01

Numerical simulations of bent, disrupted radio jets

We present preliminary results from three-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations designed to investigate the physics of jet bending and disruption. The specific scenario considered here involves a mildly supersonic jet crossing a contact discontinuity at the interface between the interstellar medium (ISM) and the intercluster medium (ICM) and then encountering a cross-wind in the ICM. The resultant morphologies show many of the features observed in radio sources including jet flaring, bending, and extended tails

A numerical simulation of galaxy subcluster mergers

We present preliminary results of a 3-D numerical simulation of two merging subclusters of galaxies. By self-consistently modelling the intracluster gas and dark matter dynamics, we hope to gain insight as to how the dynamics of both relate to such observables as the cluster x-ray emission, radio source morphology, and velocity dispersions