How to Incorporate Language Form, Function, and Structure in the SIOP Model Lessons

The paper looks at the current practice of CBI (Content-Based Instruction) and the Sheltered Instruction Observation Protocol (SIOP) Model as dominant methodological approaches of teaching a foreign or second language (FL/SL) and proposes some useful teaching strategies for the development of L2 skills not only in the public school system of the USA but for similar teaching environments in other countries where English is a medium of instruction of at least a few content subjects. The paper specifically addresses the difficulties many in-service and novice teachers experience during the SIOP lesson planning to come up with meaningful language teaching objectives in order to facilitate learning of both content and all four basic language skills such as reading, writing, listening, and speaking (Bautista & Castañeda, 2011, Bigelow & Ranney, 2005, among others). The main proposal of the paper on how to advance these skills is informed by the best practices of teaching and learning that follow English Language Development (ELD) standards of certain states and International TESOL standards. With these guiding documents and teaching principles drawn from a variety of reputable sources, the paper offers some hands-on strategies and teaching scenarios that could potentially enhance the focus on linguistic form, function, and structure during content lessons to facilitate L2 learning, and this focus includes word decomposition skills that are instrumental in vocabulary learning and complex syntactic structures such as passives during teaching Social Studies and Math lessons. The paper will be useful for both in-service teachers and teacher candidates who are preparing to deliver sheltered courses of various subjects in schools such as Math, Science, Social Studies, Language Arts, and so on. The paper also touches on the division of labor between content teachers and ELS professionals on how they need to collaborate to be able to better serve L2 learners at the various stages of L2 skill development

Attention Distribution according to the Size, Color, and Location of Stimuli in the Visual Space

Visual attention allows individuals to select the information most relevant to ongoing behavior. Attention mechanisms serve two critical roles. First, attention can be used to select behaviorally relevant information and/or to ignore irrelevant or distracting information. Second, attention can modulate or enhance the selected information according to the perceiver’s state and goals. With attention, perceivers are more than passive receivers of information. They become active seekers and processors, able to interact intelligently with their environment. Among the characteristics of visual stimuli, size can refer to the spatial extent of an item. Searching for the largest item is particularly efficient. Regarding color, it has long been accepted as a pre-attentive feature. The aim of our research was to determine the importance of three characteristics of a visual object – size, color, and location in the visual field in the process of attention distribution under central and peripheral vision conditions. In the no-text experiment (without additional information), when foveal information is scarce, attention distribution based on the size of the stimuli is more refined, and such stimuli are detected faster than in the text experiment (with additional information), where foveal information plays a more significant role. In both the no-text and text experiments, yellow and red stimuli are detected faster than green and blue. We assume that when perceiving a scene, the eye begins moving from the upper left corner to the lower left area, then to the lower right, and finally to the upper right during the no-text series when focal information is scarce. Apparently, regardless of stimulus parameters and the intensity of the information flow, stimuli located in the upper left corner of the scene are perceived faster. This may be due to the habitual left-to-right reading pattern, or one can also pay attention to the phenomenon of pseudoneglect, which is often left-sided

Visual Attention Distribution According to Size, Color, and Spatial Location of Stimuli under Foveal and Peripheral Vision Conditions

Visual attention allows individuals to select the information most relevant to ongoing behavior. Attention mechanisms serve two critical roles. First, attention can be used to select behaviorally relevant information and/or to ignore irrelevant or distracting information. Second, attention can modulate or enhance the selected information according to the perceiver’s state and goals. With attention, perceivers are more than passive receivers of information. They become active seekers and processors, able to interact intelligently with their environment. Among the characteristics of visual stimuli, size can refer to the spatial extent of an item. Searching for the largest item is particularly efficient. Regarding color, it has long been accepted as a pre-attentive feature. The aim of our research was to determine the importance of three characteristics of a visual object – size, color, and location in the visual field in the process of attention distribution under central and peripheral vision conditions. The study consisted of two series: in the first, the subjects performed the given task without reading any text; in the second, they performed the task while reading a running text. The study involved 40 volunteers of both sexes, aged 20 to 40 (mean age ± 32), with normal or corrected vision (visus > 0.8). All participants were right-handers and left-to-right readers. Gender distribution was balanced, and all participants were right-handed and left-to-right readers. In the no-text experiment (without additional information), when foveal information is scarce, attention distribution based on the size of the stimuli is more refined, and such stimuli are detected faster than in the text experiment (with additional information), where foveal information plays a more significant role. In both the no-text and text experiments, yellow and red stimuli are detected faster than green and blue. We assume that when perceiving a scene, the eye begins moving from the upper left corner to the lower left area, then to the lower right, and finally to the upper right during the no-text series, when focal information is scarce. Apparently, regardless of stimulus parameters and the intensity of the information flow, stimuli located in the upper left corner of the scene are perceived faster. This may be due to the habitual left-to-right reading pattern, or one can also pay attention to the phenomenon of pseudoneglect, which is often left-sided

Attention Distribution according to the Size, Color, and Location of Stimuli in the Visual Space

Visual attention allows individuals to select the information most relevant to ongoing behavior. Attention mechanisms serve two critical roles. First, attention can be used to select behaviorally relevant information and/or to ignore irrelevant or distracting information. Second, attention can modulate or enhance the selected information according to the perceiver’s state and goals. With attention, perceivers are more than passive receivers of information. They become active seekers and processors, able to interact intelligently with their environment. Among the characteristics of visual stimuli, size can refer to the spatial extent of an item. Searching for the largest item is particularly efficient. Regarding color, it has long been accepted as a pre-attentive feature. The aim of our research was to determine the importance of three characteristics of a visual object – size, color, and location in the visual field in the process of attention distribution under central and peripheral vision conditions. In the no-text experiment (without additional information), when foveal information is scarce, attention distribution based on the size of the stimuli is more refined, and such stimuli are detected faster than in the text experiment (with additional information), where foveal information plays a more significant role. In both the no-text and text experiments, yellow and red stimuli are detected faster than green and blue. We assume that when perceiving a scene, the eye begins moving from the upper left corner to the lower left area, then to the lower right, and finally to the upper right during the no-text series when focal information is scarce. Apparently, regardless of stimulus parameters and the intensity of the information flow, stimuli located in the upper left corner of the scene are perceived faster. This may be due to the habitual left-to-right reading pattern, or one can also pay attention to the phenomenon of pseudoneglect, which is often left-sided

Pharmacological Inhibition of PHOSPHO1 Suppresses Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Calcification

Medial vascular calcification (MVC) is common in patients with chronic kidney disease, obesity, and aging. MVC is an actively regulated process that resembles skeletal mineralization, resulting from chondro-osteogenic transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Here, we used mineralizing murine VSMCs to study the expression of PHOSPHO1, a phosphatase that participates in the first step of matrix vesicles-mediated initiation of mineralization during endochondral ossification. Wild-type (WT) VSMCs cultured under calcifying conditions exhibited increased Phospho1 gene expression and Phospho1(-/-) VSMCs failed to mineralize in vitro. Using natural PHOSPHO1 substrates, potent and specific inhibitors of PHOSPHO1 were identified via high-throughput screening and mechanistic analysis and two, designated MLS-0390838 and MLS-0263839, were selected for further analysis. Their effectiveness in preventing VSMC calcification by targeting PHOSPHO1 function was assessed, alone and in combination with a potent tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) inhibitor MLS-0038949. PHOSPHO1 inhibition by MLS-0263839 in mineralizing WT cells (cultured with added inorganic phosphate) reduced calcification in culture to 41.8% ± 2.0 of control. Combined inhibition of PHOSPHO1 by MLS-0263839 and TNAP by MLS-0038949 significantly reduced calcification to 20.9% ± 0.74 of control. Furthermore, the dual inhibition strategy affected the expression of several mineralization-related enzymes while increasing expression of the smooth muscle cell marker Acta2. We conclude that PHOSPHO1 plays a critical role in VSMC mineralization and that “phosphatase inhibition” may be a useful therapeutic strategy to reduce MVC

Microcalcifications in breast cancer: novel insights into the molecular mechanism and functional consequence of mammary mineralisation.

BACKGROUND: Mammographic microcalcifications represent one of the most reliable features of nonpalpable breast cancer yet remain largely unexplored and poorly understood. METHODS: We report a novel model to investigate the in vitro mineralisation potential of a panel of mammary cell lines. Primary mammary tumours were produced by implanting tumourigenic cells into the mammary fat pads of female BALB/c mice. RESULTS: Hydroxyapatite (HA) was deposited only by the tumourigenic cell lines, indicating mineralisation potential may be associated with cell phenotype in this in vitro model. We propose a mechanism for mammary mineralisation, which suggests that the balance between enhancers and inhibitors of physiological mineralisation are disrupted. Inhibition of alkaline phosphatase and phosphate transport prevented mineralisation, demonstrating that mineralisation is an active cell-mediated process. Hydroxyapatite was found to enhance in vitro tumour cell migration, while calcium oxalate had no effect, highlighting potential consequences of calcium deposition. In addition, HA was also deposited in primary mammary tumours produced by implanting the tumourigenic cells into the mammary fat pads of female BALB/c mice. CONCLUSION: This work indicates that formation of mammary HA is a cell-specific regulated process, which creates an osteomimetic niche potentially enhancing breast tumour progression. Our findings point to the cells mineralisation potential and the microenvironment regulating it, as a significant feature of breast tumour development

Depth Trends in ChemCam LIBS Data in the Sulfate Bearing Unit

We investigate tensor decomposition for shot-to-shot correlations of ChemCam LIBS data from the sulfate bearing unit. The derived components are dominated by salts such as Ca- and Mg-sulfates and halite

Optimized Martian Dust Displacement Detection Using Explainable Machine Learning

The ChemCam instrument on the Curiosity rover performs geochemical analyses of rocks on Mars using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS). The shockwaves generated during the LIBS measurements sometimes shift dust from the surface of the target. The study of the Martian dust phenomena in the scope of the ChemCam instrument has the potential to provide insight into the planet's geology and aid calibration methods for data processing. In this study, we develop a pipeline, named Dust Displacement Detection (DDD), for automatic detection of dust displacement on LIBS targets based on the image dataset acquired by ChemCam. To this end, we introduce a data pre-processing methodology and test two-stage models with a pretrained model in the first stage for feature extraction and a Random Forest classifier or a Support Vector Machine as a binary classifier in the second stage. The best performing model was found to consist of the first 10 layers of VGG16 and a Random Forest classifier, achieving 92% accuracy. Additionally, we use Explainable AI (XAI) methods such as Shapley values and guided backpropagation for model optimization. The experiments show potential for model optimization, and the application examples presented encourage discussion of machine learning in the field of Martian dust research

Systemic Correlates of Angiographic Coronary Artery Disease

Coronary angiography allows a direct evaluation of coronary anatomy. The aim of the present investigation was to search for correlations between the magnitude of coronary artery disease, as assessed by angiography, and a number of systemic parameters. A group of 116 patients (80 male, 36 female) with coronary heart disease diagnosed by angiography, aged 62.0±10.5 years, was the subject of an observational study. Correlation and linear regression analysis using coronary artery disease burden (CADB - sum of the percentage of the luminal stenosis encountered in all the lesions of the coronary arterial trees) as dependent variable, and age, sex, plasma calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, glucose, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid, estimated glomerular filtration rate and body mass index as independent variables, were carried out. Significant correlation values versus CADB were seen with age (r 0.19, p 0.04), uric acid (r 0.18, p 0.048) and fasting plasma glucose (r 0.33, p<0.001). Linear regression analysis, yielding a global significance level of 0.002, showed a significant value for glucose (p 0.018) and for sex (0.008). In conclusion, among several systemic parameters studied, plasma glucose was found to be correlated to coronary artery atherosclerosis lesions

Label-Free Pyrophosphate Recognition with Functionalized Asymmetric Nanopores

[EN] The label¿free detection of pyrophosphate (PPi) anions with a nanofluidic sensing device based on asymmetric nanopores is demonstrated. The pore surface is functionalized with zinc complexes based on two di(2¿picolyl)amine [bis(DPA)] moieties using carbodiimide coupling chemistry. The complexation of zinc (Zn2+) ion is achieved by exposing the modified pore to a solution of zinc chloride to form bis(Zn2+¿DPA) complexes. The chemical functionalization is demonstrated by recording the changes in the observed current¿voltage (I¿V) curves before and after pore modification. The bis(Zn2+¿DPA) complexes on the pore walls serve as recognition sites for pyrophosphate anion. The experimental results show that the proposed nanofluidic sensor has the ability to sense picomolar concentrations of PPi anion in the surrounding environment. On the contrary, it does not respond to other phosphate anions, including monohydrogen phosphate, dihydrogen phosphate, adenosine monophosphate, adenosine diphosphate, and adenosine triphosphate. The experimental results are described theoretically by using a model based on the Poisson¿Nernst¿Planck equations.M.A., S.N., and W.E. acknowledge the funding from the Hessen State Ministry of Higher Education, Research and the Arts, Germany, under the LOEWE project iNAPO. P.R. and S.M. acknowledge financial support by the Generalitat Valenciana (Program of Excellence Prometeo/GV/0069), the Spanish Ministry of Economic Affairs and Competitiveness (MAT2015-65011-P), and FEDER. I. A. and C.M.N. acknowledge financial support through the Helmholtz programme BioInterfaces in Technology and Medicine. The authors are also thankful to Prof. C. Trautmann, Department of Materials Research from GSI, for support with irradiation experiments.Ali, M.; Ahmed, I.; Ramirez Hoyos, P.; Nasir, S.; Niemeyer, CM.; Mafe, S.; Ensinger, W. (2016). Label-Free Pyrophosphate Recognition with Functionalized Asymmetric Nanopores. Small. 12(15):2014-2021. https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201600160S201420211215Gyurcsányi, R. E. (2008). Chemically-modified nanopores for sensing. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 27(7), 627-639. doi:10.1016/j.trac.2008.06.002Hou, X., Guo, W., & Jiang, L. (2011). Biomimetic smart nanopores and nanochannels. Chemical Society Reviews, 40(5), 2385. doi:10.1039/c0cs00053aHou, X., & Jiang, L. (2009). Learning from Nature: Building Bio-Inspired Smart Nanochannels. ACS Nano, 3(11), 3339-3342. doi:10.1021/nn901402bHou, X., Zhang, H., & Jiang, L. (2012). Building Bio-Inspired Artificial Functional Nanochannels: From Symmetric to Asymmetric Modification. 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Protein Biosensors Based on Biofunctionalized Conical Gold Nanotubes. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 127(14), 5000-5001. doi:10.1021/ja043910fHan, C., Hou, X., Zhang, H., Guo, W., Li, H., & Jiang, L. (2011). Enantioselective Recognition in Biomimetic Single Artificial Nanochannels. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 133(20), 7644-7647. doi:10.1021/ja2004939Liu, Q., Xiao, K., Wen, L., Lu, H., Liu, Y., Kong, X.-Y., … Jiang, L. (2015). Engineered Ionic Gates for Ion Conduction Based on Sodium and Potassium Activated Nanochannels. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 137(37), 11976-11983. doi:10.1021/jacs.5b04911Han, C., Su, H., Sun, Z., Wen, L., Tian, D., Xu, K., … Jiang, L. (2013). Biomimetic Ion Nanochannels as a Highly Selective Sequential Sensor for Zinc Ions Followed by Phosphate Anions. Chemistry - A European Journal, 19(28), 9388-9395. doi:10.1002/chem.201300200Pérez-Mitta, G., Albesa, A. G., Knoll, W., Trautmann, C., Toimil-Molares, M. E., & Azzaroni, O. 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A Bioinspired Switchable and Tunable Carbonate-Activated Nanofluidic Diode Based on a Single Nanochannel. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 54(46), 13664-13668. doi:10.1002/anie.201505269Ngo, H. T., Liu, X., & Jolliffe, K. A. (2012). Anion recognition and sensing with Zn(ii)–dipicolylamine complexes. Chemical Society Reviews, 41(14), 4928. doi:10.1039/c2cs35087dLee, S., Yuen, K. K. Y., Jolliffe, K. A., & Yoon, J. (2015). Fluorescent and colorimetric chemosensors for pyrophosphate. Chemical Society Reviews, 44(7), 1749-1762. doi:10.1039/c4cs00353eKim, S. K., Lee, D. H., Hong, J.-I., & Yoon, J. (2009). Chemosensors for Pyrophosphate. Accounts of Chemical Research, 42(1), 23-31. doi:10.1021/ar800003fHargrove, A. E., Nieto, S., Zhang, T., Sessler, J. L., & Anslyn, E. V. (2011). Artificial Receptors for the Recognition of Phosphorylated Molecules. Chemical Reviews, 111(11), 6603-6782. doi:10.1021/cr100242sHeinonen, J. K. (2001). 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Highly selective colorimetric sensing pyrophosphate in water by a NBD-phenoxo-bridged dinuclear Zn(ii) complex. Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry, 10(29), 5606. doi:10.1039/c2ob25617gLiu, D. J., Credo, G. M., Su, X., Wu, K., Lim, H. C., Elibol, O. H., … Varma, M. (2011). Surface immobilizable chelator for label-free electrical detection of pyrophosphate. Chemical Communications, 47(29), 8310. doi:10.1039/c1cc12073eCredo, G. M., Su, X., Wu, K., Elibol, O. H., Liu, D. J., Reddy, B., … Varma, M. (2012). Label-free electrical detection of pyrophosphate generated from DNA polymerase reactions on field-effect devices. The Analyst, 137(6), 1351. doi:10.1039/c2an15930aAli, M., Bayer, V., Schiedt, B., Neumann, R., & Ensinger, W. (2008). Fabrication and functionalization of single asymmetric nanochannels for electrostatic/hydrophobic association of protein molecules. Nanotechnology, 19(48), 485711. doi:10.1088/0957-4484/19/48/485711Xue, L., Wang, H.-H., Wang, X.-J., & Jiang, H. (2008). Modulating Affinities of Di-2-picolylamine (DPA)-Substituted Quinoline Sensors for Zinc Ions by Varying Pendant Ligands. Inorganic Chemistry, 47(10), 4310-4318. doi:10.1021/ic702393zCervera, J., Schiedt, B., Neumann, R., Mafé, S., & Ramírez, P. (2006). Ionic conduction, rectification, and selectivity in single conical nanopores. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 124(10), 104706. doi:10.1063/1.2179797Ramírez, P., Apel, P. Y., Cervera, J., & Mafé, S. (2008). Pore structure and function of synthetic nanopores with fixed charges: tip shape and rectification properties. Nanotechnology, 19(31), 315707. doi:10.1088/0957-4484/19/31/315707Ali, M., Ramirez, P., Mafé, S., Neumann, R., & Ensinger, W. (2009). A pH-Tunable Nanofluidic Diode with a Broad Range of Rectifying Properties. ACS Nano, 3(3), 603-608. doi:10.1021/nn900039fCervera, J., Alcaraz, A., Schiedt, B., Neumann, R., & Ramírez, P. (2007). Asymmetric Selectivity of Synthetic Conical Nanopores Probed by Reversal Potential Measurements. 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