Atmospheric aerosols at the Pierre Auger Observatory and environmental implications

The Pierre Auger Observatory detects the highest energy cosmic rays. Calorimetric measurements of extensive air showers induced by cosmic rays are performed with a fluorescence detector. Thus, one of the main challenges is the atmospheric monitoring, especially for aerosols in suspension in the atmosphere. Several methods are described which have been developed to measure the aerosol optical depth profile and aerosol phase function, using lasers and other light sources as recorded by the fluorescence detector. The origin of atmospheric aerosols traveling through the Auger site is also presented, highlighting the effect of surrounding areas to atmospheric properties. In the aim to extend the Pierre Auger Observatory to an atmospheric research platform, a discussion about a collaborative project is presented.Comment: Regular Article, 16 pages, 12 figure

Atmospheric trace metal concentrations, solubility and deposition fluxes in remote marine air over the south-east Atlantic

Total and soluble trace metal concentrations were determined in atmospheric aerosol and rainwater samples collected during seven cruises in the south-east Atlantic. Back trajectories indicated the samples all represented remote marine air masses, consistent with climatological expectations. Aerosol trace metal loadings were similar to previous measurements in clean, marine air masses. Median total Fe, Al, Mn, V, Co and Zn concentrations were 206, 346, 5, 3, 0.7 and 11 pmol m-3 respectively. Solubility was operationally defined as the fraction extractable using a pH4.7 ammonium acetate leach. Median soluble Fe, Al, Mn, V, Co, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd and Pb concentrations were 6, 55, 1, 0.7, 0.06, 24, 2, 1, 0.05 and 0.3 pmol m-3 respectively. Large ranges in fractional solubility were observed for all elements except Co; median solubility values for Fe, Al and Mn were below 20% while the median for Zn was 74%. Volume weighted mean rainwater concentrations were 704, 792, 32, 10, 3, 686, 25, 0.02, 0.3 and 10 nmol L-1 for Fe, Al, Mn, V, Co, Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd and Pb respectively (n = 6). Wet deposition fluxes calculated from these values suggest rain makes a significant contribution to total deposition in the study area for all elements except perhaps Ni

Surface water dissolved aluminum and titanium: Tracers for specific time scales of dust deposition to the Atlantic?

Surface water distributions of dissolved Al (dAl) and dissolved Ti (dTi) were investigated along a meridional Atlantic transect and related to dust deposition estimates. In the zone of Saharan dust deposition, highest dAl concentrations occurred in the tropical salinity minimum and suggest increasing Al dissolution from Saharan aerosols with wet deposition. By contrast, the dTi distribution is not related to precipitation but agrees with the pattern of annual dust deposition. In the zone of Patagonian dust deposition, elevated dTi concentrations contrasted with decreased dAl concentrations, indicating excess dAl scavenging onto biogenic particles in surface waters. Estimated residence times range from months to years for dAl and are ∼10 times higher for dTi. This suggests that dAl reflects seasonal changes in dust deposition, while dTi is related to longer temporal scales. However, spatial variations in input and removal processes complicate the quantification of dust deposition from surface water concentrations

La disposición de secciones de propiedad exclusiva bajo el dominio de la Junta de Propietarios en el régimen de propiedad exclusiva y propiedad común

The present research work deals with the alienation of sections of exclusive property, whose ownership corresponds to the Board of Owners, within the framework of the horizontal property regime. Firstly, the legal nature of the Board of Owners is addressed in order to explain its relative legal subjectivity, which allows it to act in a unitary manner in the legal sphere, but with joint and several liability of its members. Secondly, I disagree with the position taken by the Registry Court which states that a qualified majority is required to have exclusive sections: I argue that only an absolute majority is required. Thirdly, I point out that, in order for the disposal of an exclusive section to proceed with the absolute majority that I propose, the purpose of the property must be the subsequent sale, and the third party acquirer will have good faith only if such purpose of the property existed in the deeds filed at the time of the sale; if the purpose was not that, then a qualified majority must be required (this constitutes an exception to the rule that I propose of absolute majority). Then, I indicate that the formalization of the transfer agreement of exclusive sections is materialized by Public Deed and publicized through the registry registration, in order to comply with the principle of authentic title and registry public faith respectively. Finally, I recommend amending articles 43 of Law 27157 and 135 of its Regulations to indicate that the Board of Owners may dispose of sections of exclusive property; as well as amending articles 47 of the same Law and 145 of its Regulations.Trabajo académic

Methods for the sampling and analysis of marine aerosols: results from the 2008 GEOTRACES aerosol intercalibration experiment

Atmospheric deposition of trace elements and isotopes (TEI) is an important source of trace metals to the open ocean, impacting TEI budgets and distributions, stimulating oceanic primary productivity, and influencing biological community structure and function. Thus, accurate sampling of aerosol TEIs is a vital component of ongoing GEOTRACES cruises, and standardized aerosol TEI sampling and analysis procedures allow the comparison of data from different sites and investigators. Here, we report the results of an aerosol analysis intercalibration study by seventeen laboratories for select GEOTRACES-relevant aerosol species (Al, Fe, Ti, V, Zn, Pb, Hg, NO3-, and SO42-) for samples collected in September 2008. The collection equipment and filter substrates are appropriate for the GEOTRACES program, as evidenced by low blanks and detection limits relative to analyte concentrations. Analysis of bulk aerosol sample replicates were in better agreement when the processing protocol was constrained (+/- 9% RSD or better on replicate analyses by a single lab, n = 7) than when it was not (generally 20% RSD or worse among laboratories using different methodologies), suggesting that the observed variability was mainly due to methodological differences rather than sample heterogeneity. Much greater variability was observed for fractional solubility of aerosol trace elements and major anions, due to differing extraction methods. Accuracy is difficult to establish without an SRM representative of aerosols, and we are developing an SRM for this purpose. Based on these findings, we provide recommendations for the GEOTRACES program to and macro-nutrients to the open ocean (Okin et al. 2011) and is a key component of the international GEOTRACES program (GEOTRACES Planning Group 2006). A priority of the GEOTRACES program is to quantify both major and trace elements (e. g., Al, Fe, Ti, V, Zn, Pb, and Hg) and species such as nitrate and sulfate in marine aerosols. Therefore, marine aerosol samples collected during GEOTRACES cruises must follow sampling protocols that permit the collection and analysis of as many elements and compounds as possible, while meeting the constraints associated with basin-wide oceanographic cruises (e. g., space limitations, high-frequency sampling, etc.)

La Enajenación de Secciones de Propiedad Exclusiva por parte de la Junta de Propietarios: a propósito de la Resolución N° 2574- 2018-SUNARP-TR-L que exige una mayoría calificada

El presente informe jurídico analiza la Resolución N° 2574-2018-SUNARP-TR-L, en relación a la transferencia de secciones de propiedad exclusiva de la Junta de Propietarios en el Régimen de Propiedad Exclusiva y Propiedad Común, y la aprobación, por parte de los propietarios, para la enajenación de estos bienes, extremo en el que cuestiono la postura del Tribunal Registral que exige la manifestación de voluntad de propietarios que representen dos tercios de las participaciones sobre los bienes comunes para que se puedan vender bienes de propiedad exclusiva bajo la titularidad de la Junta. Para ello, primero se examina la naturaleza jurídica de la Junta, a lo que sostengo que se trata de un sujeto de derecho con subjetividad jurídica relativa, y que, por tanto, puede adquirir y disponer de bienes a nombre propio, lo cual no le quita el carácter de exclusivo al bien adquirido. Posteriormente, señalo que, si la finalidad de la adquisición del bien exclusivo por parte de la Junta es la enajenación, no hay razón para que se requiera una mayoría calificada, sino únicamente absoluta, pues ya ha habido un acuerdo previo en la Junta para vender; de esta forma, el tercero de buena fe quedará protegido si es que revisa dicho fin, lo cual consta en acta de sesión de Junta de Propietarios. Luego, explico la representación que debe tener la Junta para la transferencia los bienes de dominio exclusivo, a lo que afirmo que el presidente representa a la Junta (y no a los propietarios) en la transacción, cuya formalidad es la Escritura Pública. Finalmente, llego a la conclusión de que, para los actos de disposición de disposición de las secciones exclusivas bajo la titularidad de la Junta, solo se requiere de los votos de la mayoría absoluta, y no calificada, lo cual merece una modificación a la Ley N° 27157 y su ReglamentoThis legal report analyzes Resolution No. 2574-2018-SUNARP-TR-L, in relation to the transfer of sections of exclusive property of the Board of Owners in the Exclusive Property and Common Property Regime, and the approval, by the owners, for the alienation of these assets, extreme in which I question the position of the Registry Court that requires the manifestation of will of owners representing two thirds of the shares over the common property in order to be able to sell exclusive property assets under the ownership of the Board. To this end, first the legal nature of the Board is examined, to which I argue that it is a subject of law with relative legal subjectivity, and that, therefore, it can acquire and dispose of property in its own name, which does not detract from the exclusive nature of the property acquired. Subsequently, I point out that, if the purpose of the acquisition of the exclusive property by the Meeting is the alienation, there is no reason to require a qualified majority, but only an absolute majority, since there has already been a previous agreement in the Meeting to sell; in this way, the third party in good faith will be protected if it reviews said purpose, which is recorded in the minutes of the meeting of the Owners' Meeting. Then, I explain the representation that the Board must have for the transfer of the goods of exclusive domain, to which I affirm that the president represents the Board (and not the owners) in the transaction, whose formality is the Public Deed. Finally, I come to the conclusion that, for the acts of disposition of the exclusive sections under the ownership of the Board, only the votes of the absolute majority are required, and not qualified, which deserves an amendment to Law No. 27157 and its Regulations

O efeito da cafeína na função vestibular : ensaio clínico randomizado, triplo cego, placebo controlado

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, 2016.Introdução: A realização dos exames vestibulares em grande parte dos serviços ocorre após a suspensão da ingestão de cafeína. Acredita-se que a cafeína possa alterar o resultado dos exames. No entanto, os sintomas da abstinência podem levar a uma diminuição da colaboração do paciente. Objetivo: Verificar a influência da cafeína nos resultados da vectoeletronistagmografia, e do potencial evocado miogênico (VEMP) cervical e ocular. Métodos: Estudo randomizado, triplo cego e placebo controlado. Foram selecionados indivíduos jovens e saudáveis, sem queixas auditivas ou vestibulares. Os sujeitos foram divididos aleatoriamente por um estatístico independente em dois grupos: cafeína e placebo, sendo orientada uma dieta que restringia cafeína por 24 horas. Foi realizada timpanometria, aplicado o Profile Of Mood States e realizados VEMPc, VEMPo e VENG. Os indivíduos receberam a cápsula (contendo cafeína ou placebo) e 45 minutos após repetiram os procedimentos. Resultados: A amostra foi composta por 32 indivíduos. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante em nenhum parâmetro do VEMPc. No VEMPo, houve alteração significante no P1 da orelha esquerda, sem repercussão no resultado do exame. Na prova calórica houve alteração nos valores absolutos e relativos do grupo placebo, mostrando a fraca replicabilidade do exame Conclusão: O consumo moderado de cafeína não alterou significativamente a interpretação dos resultados obtidos nos exames vestibulares (VEMPc, VEMPo e prova calórica).Introduction: The realization of vestibular tests in most services occurs after discontinuation of caffeine intake. It is believed that caffeine may alter the test results. However, withdrawal symptoms may lead to a decrease in patient cooperation. Objectives: Assess the effect of caffeine in the following vestibular tests: Cervical Vestibular Evoked Potential (cVEMP), Ocular Vestibular Evoked Potential (oVEMP) and Caloric Test. Methods: Randomized, prospective triple-blind, placebo controlled clinical trial. Participated in the study, healthy young individuals without auditory or vestibular complaints. They were randomly divided into two groups: caffeine and placebo. A diet that restricts caffeine per 24 hours was oriented. All participants underwent otoscopy, tympanometry, responded to the Profile of Mood State (POMS), submitted to the cVEMP, oVEMP and caloric tests. After that they received placebo or caffeine capsule (300mg) and repeated the procedures 45 minutes after. Results: There were no statistically significant differences in latencies, peak to peak amplitudes, asymmetry ratio or rate of change (cVEMP). In oVEMP a statistically significant difference was observed in caffeine group (p15 latency of left ear). The placebo group showed statistically significant difference between the relative values in caloric test. No variable of any of tests was influenced by caffeine intake. Conclusion: Moderate caffeine consumption does not significantly alter the clinical interpretation of the results obtained in the vestibular tests

Atmospheric P deposition to the subtropical North Atlantic: sources, properties, and relationship to N deposition

Biogeochemical studies show that the surface waters of the subtropical North Atlantic are highly phosphorus (P) stressed. Human activity may exacerbate phosphorus stress by enhancing atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition and raising N/P ratios in deposition. However, the magnitude of this effect is unclear, in part, because atmospherically deposited phosphorus sources are not well known, particularly the contribution from organic phosphorus. Here we report measurements of phosphorus in aerosols and wet deposition at Miami and Barbados. African dust is the major aerosol P source at both Miami and Barbados, containing ~880 ppm total phosphorus and ~70 ppm soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP). Organic compounds contribute, on average, 28%–44% of soluble phosphorus in precipitation. Because of dust transport seasonality, phosphorus inputs to the North Atlantic are expected to be highly variable with 2–10 times more P deposition during summer than winter. Pollution is also an important contributor to total and soluble phosphorus in Miami aerosols and deposition. Estimated SRP deposition in Barbados and Miami is 0.21 and 0.13 µmol m−2 d−1 phosphorus, respectively. Inorganic nitrogen in excess of Redfield ratio expectations in deposition was very different between the sites, totaling 21–30 and 127–132 µmol m−2 d−1 nitrogen in Barbados and Miami, respectively; the high deposition rates at Miami are linked to pollutants. Including soluble organic nitrogen and phosphorus halved the estimates of excess nitrogen in Barbados wet deposition. Thus, the organic phosphorus fraction is important in the assessment of the magnitude of biogeochemical change of the North Atlantic caused by atmospheric deposition

El emprendimiento de las mujeres promotoras de la zona de José Gálvez Barnechea del distrito de Villa María del Triunfo-Perú: barreras, perfil, perspectivas, motivaciones y las oportunidades de mercado en tiempos de pandemia por la COVID-19

El crecimiento de la actividad emprendedora de la mujer va en aumento en los últimos años; su empoderamiento y crecimiento no sólo como madre, sino como mujer auto generadora de ingresos y del desarrollo de sus familias simbolizan un grupo importante de la masa trabajadora que contribuyen en la economía de mercado sobre todo de los países en vías de desarrollo. En Latinoamérica, el Perú ha dado un importante paso después de Brasil de ser considerado el segundo país en incentivar el emprendimiento de la mujer con oportunidades laborales. La presente investigación focalizó su estudio en un grupo de 23 mujeres de la zona de José Gálvez Barnechea del Distrito de Villa María del Triunfo con el objetivo de conocer cuáles han sido las principales barreras, perfil, perspectivas, motivaciones y las oportunidades de mercado en tiempos de la pandemia por la COVID 19. La pandemia por la COVID 19, paralizó la economía de todos los países del mundo quienes desviaron sus ingresos y esfuerzos en combatir esta enfermedad. Los resultados de emprendimiento femenino producto de la pandemia llevó a muchas mujeres a reinventarse para afrontar la dura situación económica que trajo consigo varias consecuencias. En el caso de las mujeres promotoras de la zona de José Gálvez Barnechea del distrito de villa maría del triunfo-Perú, que fueron materia de esta investigación, la situación de vida las llevó a desarrollar habilidades convirtiéndolas sin querer en emprendedoras, muchas de ellas por la necesidad, u otras aprovechando la oportunidad de vida que les tocó vivir. De acuerdo con ello, es que se fortaleció un compromiso de las mujeres con su localidad, con sus familias y les permitió desarrollar nuevas habilidades para lograr una mejor calidad de vida.The growth of women's entrepreneurial activity has been increasing in recent years; her empowerment and growth not only as a mother, but as a self-generating woman of her income and the development of her families symbolize an important group of the working mass that contributes to the market economy, especially in developing countries. In Latin America, Peru has taken an important step after Brazil to be considered the second country to encourage women's entrepreneurship with job opportunities. The present investigation focused its study on a group of 23 women from the José Gálvez Barnechea area of the Villa María del Triunfo District with the objective of knowing what the main barriers, profile, perspectives, motivations and market opportunities have been in recent times. of the COVID 19 pandemic. The COVID 19 pandemic paralyzed the economy of all the countries in the world who diverted their income and efforts to combat this disease. The results of female entrepreneurship resulting from the pandemic led many women to reinvent themselves to face the harsh economic situation that brought with it various consequences. In the case of the women who are the subject of this research, the life situation led them to develop skills, inadvertently turning them into entrepreneurs, many of them out of necessity, or others taking advantage of the life opportunity they had to live. The women's commitment to their locality and their families was strengthened and allowed them to develop new skills to achieve a better quality of life

Marketing digital y decisión de compra de productos tecnológicos en la ciudad de Trujillo, 2023

La investigación Marketing digital y decisión de compra de productos tecnológicos en la Ciudad de Trujillo, 2023. Tuvo como objetivo: Determinar la relación entre el marketing digital y la decisión de compra de productos tecnológicos en la ciudad de Trujillo, 2023. Fue de diseño no experimental, cuantitativa, de corte transversal, descriptivo – correlacional. Teniendo la muestra de 385 compradores de productos tecnológicos, mayores de 18 años, sin discapacidad cognitiva severa eesta población contiene criterios de inclusión. Los instrumentos que se utilizaron para hacer la recolección de datos fueron el cuestionario con escala ordinal, con el uso de coeficiente de correlación de Rho Spearman para conocer si existe una relación entre las variables estudiadas y cada una de sus dimensiones. De manera que se obtuvo como resultado 0.828** en prueba de Rho Spearman; de forma que se afirma que si hay una relación entre cada una de las variables y dimensiones. Se concluye que los niveles del marketing en sus dimensiones son altos por encima del 50% de igual manera los de decisión de compra