Effect of radii of exemption on ground delay programs with operating cost based cruise speed reduction

When a ground delay program (GDP) is defined, a radius of exemption is typically set to exclude from having to realize ground delay aircraft departing from greater distances than the selected radius distance. A trade-off exists when defining this radius: big radii distribute the required delay among more aircraft and reduce the airborne holding delay close to the destination airport, while the probability to realize unnecessary delay increases if the program is canceled before planned. In order to overcome part of this drawback, a cost based cruise speed reduction strategy aiming at realizing airborne delay was suggested by the authors in previous publications. By flying slower, at a specific speed, aircraft that are airborne can recover part of their initially assigned delay without incurring extra cost if the GDP is canceled before planned. In this paper, the effect of the exemption radius is assessed when applying this strategy and a case study is presented by analyzing all the GDPs that took place at Chicago O'Hare International Airport during one year. Results show that by the introduction of this technique, more delay can be saved. Thus, it is possible to define larger radii of exemption, reducing partially the drawbacks associated with smaller radii.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Determination of fat-soluble vitamins in vegetable oils through microwave-assisted high-performance liquid chromatography

In this manuscript, a study of the effect of microwave radiation on the high-performance liquid chromatography separation of tocopherols and vitamin K1 was conducted. The novelty of the application was the use of a relatively low polarity mobile phase in which the dielectric heating effect was minimized to evaluate the nonthermal effect of the microwave radiation over the separation process. Results obtained show that microwave-assisted high-performance liquid chromatography had a shorter analysis time from 31.5 to 13.3 min when the lowest microwave power was used. Moreover, narrower peaks were obtained; hence the separation was more efficient maintaining or even increasing the resolution between the peaks. This result confirms that the increase in mobile phase temperature is not the only variable for improving the separation process but also other nonthermal processes must intervene. Fluorescence detection demonstrated better signal-to-noise compared to photodiode arrayed detection mainly due to the independent effect of microwave pulses on the baseline noise, but photodiode array detection was finally chosen as it allowed a simultaneous detection of nonfluorescent compounds. Finally, a determination of the content of the vitamin E homologs was carried out in different vegetable oils. Results were coherent with those found in the literature

Fibrosis glútea: ¿esencial o secundaria?

Constatamos la rara frecuencia de esta afección presentando 5 observaciones de Fibrosis Glútea recogidas en tres casos clínicos estudiados. Dos son bilaterales y uno afecta a un solo glúteo. Habiéndose invocado, por los autores consultados, etiologías diversas, actualmente sigue siendo desconocida. Creemos de interés resaltar que los casos presentados se trataron en las etapas finales de crecimiento, mientras que los referidos en la literatura consultada todos han recibido tratamiento quirúrgico en edad temprana. El tratamiento es de resultado satisfactorio, independientemente de la edad y de la técnica quirúrgica empleada.Three patients affected with gluteal fibrosis are colected by the authors. Two cases had bilateral presentation and one patient was unilateral. According to the literature, the aetiology continue to be unknow. All patients were treated at the end of growthing period, while all cases collected in the literature were treated early. The results have been satisfactory without relation to age or the surgical procedure employed

Comparative analysis of different satellite DNAs in four Mytilus species

[Abstract:] We report the characterization of three satellite DNAs in four species of mussel: Mytilus edulis, Mytilus galloprovincialis, Mytilus trossulus, and Mytilus californianus. The monomers of the Apa I satellite DNAs were 173, 161, and 166 bp long. These satellite monomers were used to construct phylogenetic trees to infer relationships among these species. The topologies obtained clearly indicate that M. californianus is the most divergent species with respect to the other three. Furthermore, localization of satellite DNAs on metaphase chromosomes was performed using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Fluorescent signals revealed a different organization and distribution of these three satellite DNAs.Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología; 1FD97-1295España. Dirección General de Enseñanza Superior; PB97-1136Catalunya. Direcció General de Recerca; SGR99-18

Resultados de la autotransfusión postoperatoria en artroplastia total de rodilla

Introducción. El propósito es evaluar si la utilización de los drenajes autotransfusores en la artroplastia total de rodilla primaria minimiza la caída de la hemoglobina en el postoperatorio, así como la necesidad de transfusiones sanguíneas alogénicas. Material y métodos. Estudio retrospectivo, analítico observacional que incluyó 100 pacientes intervenidos de artroplastia de rodilla entre enero 2014 y enero 2015 en el Hospital Dr. Peset. Compara tanto los parámetros analíticos de sangrado (hemoglobina y hematocrito) como la necesidad de transfusión sanguínea entre pacientes reinfundidos y no reinfundidos. Resultados. Se reinfundieron 50 pacientes con un volumen medio de 505 ml. La necesidad de transfusión sanguínea alogénica en los reinfundidos fue de 4% mientras que en los no reinfundidos fue de 24%. La caída media de hemoglobina postquirúrgica fue 1,12 g/ dl menor en el grupo reinfundido. Conclusiones. El redón autotransfusor es una técnica segura que mejora el rendimiento analítico postransfusional y, por consiguiente, reduce el número de transfusiones alogénicas.Introduction. The purpose is to evaluate the use of autotransfusors drains in total knee arthroplasty primary minimizes the drop in hemoglobin in the postoperative period, and the need for allogeneic blood transfusions. Material and methods. A retrospective, analitic and observational study, have been included 100 patients undergoing knee arthroplasty between January 2014 and January 2015 at the Dr. Peset Hospital. Compare the analytical parameters of bleeding (hemoglobin and hematocrit) and the need for blood transfusion among patients and not reinfused reinfused. Results. Fifty patients with Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) were reinfused with a mean volume of 505 ml. The need for allogenic blood transfusions was 4%, while in patients not reinfused was 24%. The average drop in postoperative hemoglobin was 1.12 g / dl lower in the group reinfused. Conclusions. The autotransfusion drain is a safe technique which improves post-transfusional values and therefore reduces the number of allogenic blood transfusions

Efecto del tipo y momento de cosecha sobre la calidad de arándano (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) cv. ‘brigitta’ en postcosecha

49 p.Para determinar el efecto de diferentes tipos y horas de cosecha sobre la calidad de fruta fresca en arándanos cv. Brigitta (Vaccinium corymbosum L.), se realizó la presente investigación durante la temporada 2011/12. Se aplicaron 4 tratamientos, combinando 2 tipos de cosecha (manual o equipo vibrador) y dos horarios de cosecha (mañana o tarde). Estos tratamientos tuvieron 2 h de retraso en el ingreso a pre-frío y se realizaron durante tres momentos durante la temporada, simulando la primera cosecha (27 diciembre, 2011), el “peak” (10 enero, 2012) y la cosecha final (19 enero,2012). Adicional a esto, en el “peak” de cosecha se agregó un tercer factor, obteniendo un total de 6 tratamientos, provenientes de tipo de cosecha (manual o equipo vibrador), horario de cosecha (mañana: AM o tarde: PM) y retraso en ingreso a pre-frío (2 o 6 h). El material vegetal utilizado fueron plantas del cv. ‘Brigitta’ de 11 años de edad, cultivadas en la Agrícola Entre Ríos Limitada (35° 86’ 89.95’’ S – 71° 62’ 71.79’’ O), ubicada a un costado de Ruta 5 Sur km 304, Linares. La fruta de cada tipo y horario de cosecha fue procesada en packing para determinar peso de fruta para fresco, IQF, pre calibre y descarte. Las evaluaciones consistieron en: firmeza de fruta a cosecha; luego de 45 días de almacenaje (0°C) más un día a temperatura ambiente (20°C) y luego de 45 días de almacenaje (0°C) más tres días a temperatura ambiente (20°C). Adicionalmente se midió porcentaje de frutos sanos, daño mecánico, daño por hongos y deshidratación. El porcentaje de fruta cosechada manualmente apta para fresco en las dos primeras cosechas fue superior a la con vibradora (≈90 y 80 % respectivamente), lo que bajó en la tercera (≈80 y 67 % respectivamente). No hubo mayores diferencias en firmeza entre los tipos de cosecha. En cuanto al horario de cosecha, sólo hubo diferencias en el segundo momento de cosecha (peak), donde la fruta recolectada AM tuvo mayor firmeza. respecto al retraso para el pre-frío (2 y 6 h), en conjunto con hora de cosecha, mostraron que la cosecha AM con 2 horas de retraso obtuvo los mejores resultados. Los porcentajes de frutos sanos fueron similares en las 3 cosechas, con valores promedio de un 40% aproximadamente, a excepción del segundo momento, donde la cosecha PM arrojó el menor valor. Hubo baja incidencia por hongos (6,6%en promedio), mientras que la incidencia de daño mecánico y deshidratación fue más notoria en la segunda cosecha, registrando en AM los mayores porcentajes de daño mecánico, mientras que en PM se acentuaron problemas por deshidratación.Palabras claves: Cosecha por vibrador, Vaccinium corymbosum, Postcosecha./ABSTRACT: To determine the effect of different types of harvest and harvest time on blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) fresh fruit quality, a trial was conducted during the 2011/12 season. Four treatments were applied, combining two types of harvesting (manual or shaker) and two harvest times (morning: AM or afternoon: PM). Pre-cooling on each treatment was delayed 2 h, and this was repeated on each harvest simulation, first (27 December 2011), "peak" (10 January 2012) and final pick (19 January 2012). Additionally, during harvest "peak", a third factor was added generating 6 treatments, due to type of harvest (manual and machine vibrator), harvest time (AM or PM) and pre-cooling delay (2 and 6 h). Ten-year-old plants cv. 'Brigitta', grown in Agrícola Entre Rios (35 ° 86 '89.95'' S - 71 ° 62' 71.79'' W), located at the side of Ruta 5 highway km 304, Linares.Fruit from each type and harvest time was processed in a packing line, and fruit weight for IQF, presize and discarded were determined. The evaluations were: fruit firmness at harvest; after 45 days of storage (0 ° C) plus one day at room temperature (20 ° C) and after 45 days of storage (0 ° C) plus three days at room temperature (20 ° C). Additionally we measured the percentage of fruits that were sound, with mechanical damage, fungal damage and dehydration. During the selection process, the percentage of fruit packed for fresh for the first two pickings was higher when harvested manually as compared to the vibratory machine (≈90 and 80 % respectively), this decreased on the third pick(≈80 and 67 % respectively). There were no differences in firmness between the types of harvest. In relation to harvest time, there were differences only in the peak harvest, where the fruit picked AM had higher firmness. The pre-cooling delay (2 and 6 h), in combination with harvest time showed that the AM harvest with two hours of delay was the best.The percentage of sound fruits were similar in the three harvests, with averages around 40%,except for the second picking, where the PM harvest had a lower value. There was a low incidence of fungi (6.6% in average), while mechanical damage and dehydration became more prominent in the second harvest, recording highest percentages of mechanical damage in AM, and dehydration for PM.Keywords: Harvest by shaker, Vaccinium corymbosum, Postharvest

Influencia del ingreso en una Unidad de Monitorización vídeo-EEG prolongada en función del tiempo de evolución de epilèpsia

Se desconoce si existe un tiempo de evolución límite a partir del cual ingresar en una UMVEEG* no suponga una mejoría del pronóstico del paciente epiléptico. El estudio analiza el efecto del ingreso en la UMVEEG sobre una serie de variables pronósticas (FC**, NFAE***, CVP****) en función del tiempo de evolución desde el diagnóstico. Analizamos epilépticos diagnosticados con certeza y pacientes con crisis psicógenas. Se estudiaron 135 pacientes(Edad:39+13,5años,Sexo(55,6%mujeres).Se obtuvo una mejoría significativa de FC**(p 0,001)y CVP****(p 0,005)en los grupos estudiados independientemente del tiempo de evolución.El tiempo de evolución determinó una respuesta diferencial sobre la reducción del NFAE***excepto para crisis psicógenas,en que hubo una reducción significativa(p=0,004)independientemente del tiempo de evolución.Actualment es desconeix si existeix un temps límit d'evolució a partir del qual l'ingrés a una UMVEEG*no millori el pronòstic del pacient epilèptic.L'estudi analitza l'efecte ingrés a UMVEEG* sobre una sèrie de variables pronòstic(FC**,NFAE***,QVP****)segons el temps d'evolució des del diagnòstic.Es van analitzar pacients epilèptics confirmats i pacients amb crisis psicògenes. Es van estudiar 135 pacients(Edat:39+13,5anys,Sexe(55,6%dones).Es va obtenir una milloria significativa de FC**(p 0,001)i CVP****(p 0,005)a tots els grups estudiats independentment del temps d'evolució.El temps d'evolució va determinar una resposta diferencial sobre la reducció del NFAE***amb l'excepció de crisis psicògenes,que varen reduir significativament(p=0,004)el NFAE***independentment del temps d'evolució

Extended Endoscopic Endonasal Approaches for Cerebral Aneurysms: Anatomical, Virtual Reality and Morphometric Study

Introduction. The purpose of the present contribution is to perform a detailed anatomic and virtual reality three-dimensional stereoscopic study in order to test the effectiveness of the extended endoscopic endonasal approaches for selected anterior and posterior circulation aneurysms. Methods. The study was divided in two main steps: (1) simulation step, using a dedicated Virtual Reality System (Dextroscope, Volume Interactions); (2) dissection step, in which the feasibility to reach specific vascular territory via the nose was verified in the anatomical laboratory. Results. Good visualization and proximal and distal vascular control of the main midline anterior and posterior circulation territory were achieved during the simulation step as well as in the dissection step (anterior communicating complex, internal carotid, ophthalmic, superior hypophyseal, posterior cerebral and posterior communicating, basilar, superior cerebellar, anterior inferior cerebellar, vertebral, and posterior inferior cerebellar arteries). Conclusion. The present contribution is intended as strictly anatomic study in which we highlighted some specific anterior and posterior circulation aneurysms that can be reached via the nose. For clinical applications of these approaches, some relevant complications, mainly related to the endonasal route, such as proximal and distal vascular control, major arterial bleeding, postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak, and olfactory disturbances must be considered

Three-dimensional space vector modulation in abc coordinates for four-leg voltage source converters

Four-leg inverters have been selected as one of the preferred power converter topologies for applications that require a precise control of neutral current, like active filters. The main advantage of this topology lies in an extended range for the zero sequence voltages and currents. However, the addition of a fourth leg extends the space vectors from two to three dimensions, making the selection of the modulation vectors more complex. Most of the algorithms that deal with this problem require an /spl alpha//spl beta//spl gamma/ transformation. This paper presents a new space vector modulation algorithm using abc coordinates (the phase voltages) avoiding the /spl alpha//spl beta//spl gamma/ transformation. Thanks to the use of abc coordinates, the algorithm is much simpler and more intuitive than in /spl alpha//spl beta//spl gamma/ representation, drastically reducing the complexity of modulation algorithm and the computational load associated to it