Breves notas del contrato de hospedaje. Comparación entre la regulación española e italiana

Con la presente comunicación se pretende un acercamiento a la regulación del singular contrato de hospedaje. Partiendo de una primera aproximación a este contrato a nivel de concepto, se trataría de dividir la comunicación en dos partes bien diferenciadas. De un lado, una primera parte, en la que se analiza la importante función económica del contrato de hospedaje, así como su impacto en la economía de una región. En esta primera parte entrarían los orígenes de la figura así como los sujetos que intervienen o que podrían intervenir en él. De otro lado, en la segunda parte de la comunicación, desde un punto de vista más jurídico, se entra a analizar cómo se lleva a cabo la perfección del contrato de hospedaje distinguiendo entre las obligaciones de las partes que intervengan en el contrato. Toda la aproximación al contrato de hospedaje se analiza de manera comparativa entre el Ordenamiento Jurídico español y el Ordenamiento Jurídico italiano.In this communication we are going to analyze the regulation of the Spanish and Italian law related to the accommodation contract. First of all we will study the term of the contract (origins of lodging and economic role for the economy of a region). Secondly, the obligations of the parties of this contract

Confined swirling jets with large expansion ratios

This paper presents the extension of our previous investigation of confined round jets with large Reynolds numbers and large expansion ratios (Revuelta, Sanchez & Linan 2002a) to the case of swirling jets with swirl numbers of order unity. In the absence of vortex breakdown, we encounter the four-region asymptotic structure identified earlier for the non-swirling jet, including a region of jet development where the azimuthal and axial velocity components are comparable. For the flow in the long recirculating eddy that forms downstream, where the pressure differences associated with the azimuthal motion become negligible, the jet is found to act as a point source with momentum flux equal to the flow force of the incoming jet, and angular momentum flux equal to that of the jet at the orifice. The solution for the weak circulation in this slender region, including the parameter-free leading-order description and the first-order corrections, is determined by integrating the azimuthal component of the momentum equation written in the boundary-layer approximation. The results are validated through comparisons with numerical integrations of the steady axisymmetric Navier-Stokes equations, which are also used to evaluate critical conditions for vortex breakdow

Reflexiones sobre la protección del consumidor de servicios turísticos frente a la publicidad engañosa de sociedades mercantiles turísticas

En la presente Comunicación, sus autores pretenden exponer la situación en la que los potenciales clientes de las empresas turísticas pueden sufrir engaños como consecuencia de la publicidad engañosa. En tales supuestos, el mercado se suele caracterizar por el uso de una determinada publicidad que pretende incidir en la voluntad del consumidor, de manera que la actividad publicitaria se muestra como realmente relevante y decisiva para la formación de la voluntad de los referidos consumidores en orden a la celebración del contrato. Estos casos en los que la publicidad engañosa ha resultado relevante para que el turista–consumidor otorgue su consentimiento merecen una especial reflexión, labor que los autores intentan acometer en este estudio

Laminar mixing in diluted and undiluted fuel jets upstream from lifted flames

The boundary-layer approximation is used to describe the frozen mixing process taking place when a fuel jet of radius a discharges into stagnant air. The results are applicable to the calculation of lifted flames stabilized in round laminar jets with relatively large Reynolds numbers, Re, for which the proposed formulation provides a detailed description for the velocity and composition fields encountered by the propagating triple flame formed at the base of the lifted flame. The problem is integrated for relevant values of the flow parameters, including values of the stoichiometric air-to-fuel mass ratio S of order unity, when the lifted flame is located in the region of jet development, corresponding to distances from the injector of order Re a. Further attention is given to the relevant case S ≫ 1, corresponding to typical conditions of undilute hydrocarbon-air flames, for which the resulting lifted flames are stabilized at relatively large distances from the injector, of order S Re a. It is seen that Schlichting asymptotic solution, which corresponds to a point source of momentum, is then applicable to describe the mixing process upstream from the lifted flame. Improved accuracy is sought by introducing expansions for the velocity components and for the reactant mass fractions in powers of S-1. The resulting development shows in particular that the first-order correction to the leading-order solution is equivalent to the introduction of a virtual origin for the axial coordinate. It is shown that the magnitude of the required translation, which is equal for the velocity and composition fields, must be determined from continuity considerations. As an illustrative example, the resulting description is used to calculate flame fronts with S ≫ 1 in the thermal-diffusive approximation

Confined axisymmetric laminar jets with large expansion ratios

This paper investigates the steady round laminar jet discharging into a coaxial duct when the jet Reynolds number, Re/sub j/, is large and the ratio of the jet radius to the duct radius, epsiv, is small. The analysis considers the distinguished double limit in which the Reynolds number Re/sub a/=Re/sub j/epsiv for the final downstream flow is of order unity, when four different regions can be identified in the flow field. Near the entrance, the outer confinement exerts a negligible influence on the incoming jet, which develops as a slender unconfined jet with constant momentum flux. The jet entrains outer fluid, inducing a slow backflow motion of the surrounding fluid near the backstep. Further downstream, the jet grows to fill the duct, exchanging momentum with the surrounding recirculating flow in a slender region where the Reynolds number is still of the order of Re/sub j/. The streamsurface bounding the toroidal vortex eventually intersects the outer wall, in a non-slender transition zone to the final downstream region of parallel streamlines. In the region of jet development, and also in the main region of recirculating flow, the boundary-layer approximation can be used to describe the flow, while the full Navier-Stokes equations are needed to describe the outer region surrounding the jet and the final transition region, with Re/sub a/=Re/sub j/epsiv entering as the relevant parameter to characterize the resulting non-slender flows

Cría y manejo del cachorro del lobo ibérico (Canis lupus signatus)

El lobo ibérico (Canis lupus signatus) es un cánido salvaje bien representado en parques zoológicos en cautividad. Este trabajo expone los protocolos de actuación para un correcto manejo del neonato de lobo durante la lactancia artificial, así como para el destete y su medicina preventiva (vacunación y desparasitación). También se tendrá en cuenta las influencias del factor humano en su desarrollo y las patologías más frecuentes que se pueden presentar en el lobo ibérico en esta edad. Para este trabajo se emplearon diferentes tetinas dependiendo de la edad de los animales. Se utilizaron leches artificiales de cánido doméstico durante el tiempo de lactancia y carne de diferente origen para su destete. Las vacunas usadas para llevar a cabo el protocolo de medicina preventiva propuesto fueron vacunas comerciales de cánidos domésticos. Los cachorros de este trabajo adquirieron tras seis meses las características fisiológicas en cuanto a peso, tamaño, etc. esperadas. Los protocolos propuestos en este trabajo son considerados válidos para la crianza del cachorro del lobo ibérico en cautividad.The Iberian wolf (Canis lupus signatus)is a wild animal well represented in zoological parks. This work exposes the performance protocols for a correct managing of the newborn of wolf during the artificial lactation, as well as for wean and his preventive medicine (vaccination and worm). Also take into account the influences of the human factor in their development and the most frequent pathologies than can be presented in the Iberian wolf in this age. In this work we employ different teat, depending on the age on the animals. We used artificial milk of domestic dog during the lactation and meat of different origin for there wean. The vaccines used to carry out the proposed preventive medicine protocol were commercial vaccines of domestic dog. The cubs of this work acquired, after six months, the physiological characteristics; weight, size, etc. waited. The protocols proposed in this work were considered valid for the breed of the cub of Iberian wolf in zoological parks

Utilization of xylose by engineered strains of Ashbya gossypii for the production of microbial oils

BACKGROUND: Ashbya gossypii is a filamentous fungus that is currently exploited for the industrial production of riboflavin. The utilization of A. gossypii as a microbial biocatalyst is further supported by its ability to grow in low-cost feedstocks, inexpensive downstream processing and the availability of an ease to use molecular toolbox for genetic and genomic modifications. Consequently, A. gossypii has been also introduced as an ideal biotechnological chassis for the production of inosine, folic acid, and microbial oils. However, A. gossypii cannot use xylose, the most common pentose in hydrolysates of plant biomass. RESULTS: In this work, we aimed at designing A. gossypii strains able to utilize xylose as the carbon source for the production of biolipids. An endogenous xylose utilization pathway was identified and overexpressed, resulting in an A. gossypii xylose-metabolizing strain showing prominent conversion rates of xylose to xylitol (up to 97% after 48 h). In addition, metabolic flux channeling from xylulose-5-phosphate to acetyl-CoA, using aheterologous phosphoketolase pathway, increased the lipid content in the xylose-metabolizing strain a 54% over the parental strain growing in glucose-based media. This increase raised to 69% when lipid accumulation was further boosted by blocking the beta-oxidation pathway. CONCLUSIONS: Ashbya gossypii has been engineered for the utilization of xylose. We present here a proof-of-concept study for the production of microbial oils from xylose in A. gossypii, thus introducing a novel biocatalyst with very promising properties in developing consolidated bioprocessing to produce fine chemicals and biofuels from xylose-rich hydrolysates of plant biomass. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13068-016-0685-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users

Web Educational Services for All: The APEINTA Project

Proceedings of: 8th International Cross-Disciplinary Conference on Web Accessibility (W4A'11), Hyderabad, India, March 28-29, 2011This paper presents the web-based educational services included in the APEINTA project. The main aim of APEINTA is to avoid barriers among the students and the education. Taking into account the advantage of cloud computing paradigm, the next web-based services are proposed: First, a captioning service, so students with hearing disabilities, for instance, could access to the verbatim speech of the teachers, even in a remote location; Second, a text-to-speech service, so students with speaking problems could participate in the class or in oral discussions or meetings, for instance, just writing in their personal devices; Third, a web-based educational system, so every student can access the pedagogical resources with time and location independenc