Epigenetic regulation of Epichloë festucae secondary metabolite biosynthesis and symbiotic interaction with Lolium perenne : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Genetics at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand

Histone methylation is one of several epigenetic layers for transcriptional regulation. Most studies on the importance of this histone modification in regulating fungal secondary metabolite gene expression and pathogenicity have focussed on the role of histone methyltransferases, while few studies have focussed on the role of histone demethylases that catalyse the reversal of the modification. Epichloë festucae (Ascomycota) is an endophyte that forms a mutualistic interaction with perennial ryegrass. The fungus contributes to the symbiosis by the production of several classes of secondary metabolites, these have anti-insect and/or anti-mammalian activity. The EAS and LTM clusters in E. festucae are located subtelomerically and contain the biosynthetic genes for two of these important metabolites which are only synthesised in planta. Thus, in the host plant these genes are highly expressed, but they are tightly silenced in culture conditions. Previous study has shown that histone H3K9 and H3K27 methylation and their corresponding histone methyltransferases are important for this process. In this study, the role of histone lysine demethylases (KDMs) in regulating these genes and the symbiotic interaction is described. Eight candidate histone demethylases (Jmj1-Jmj8) were identified in E. festucae, among these proteins are homologues of mammalian KDM4, KDM5, KDM8, JMDJ7, and N. crassa Dmm-1. The genes for the proteins were overexpressed in E. festucae and histone methylation levels were determined in the strains. Overexpression of the genes was not observed to cause any change to the culture and symbiotic phenotypes of the fungus. Western blot analysis subsequently identified one of the proteins, KdmB, as the histone H3K4me3 demethylase. Further analysis by ChIP- and RT-qPCR showed that demethylation of H3K4me3 by KdmB at the eas/ltm genes is crucial for the activation of these genes in planta. The full expression of several other telomeric genes was similarly found to require KdmB. On the other hand, the COMPASS H3K4 methyltransferase complex subunit CclA that is required for H3K4 trimethylation in E. festucae represses the eas/ltm genes in culture conditions by maintaining H3K4me3 levels at the loci. Thus, these findings suggest a repressive role for H3K4me3 at these subtelomeric secondary metabolite loci and are consistent with the role of H3K4me3 in yeast telomeric silencing. Disruption of kdmB did not affect the symbiotic interaction of E. festucae with the host grass but severely reduced the levels of lolitrem B, an animal neurotoxin. At the same time, the levels of ergovaline, another animal toxin, and peramine, an insect feeding deterrent, were not affected. Therefore, disruption or inhibition of KdmB may also serve as a promising approach for future endophyte improvement programmes. The E. festucae homologue of KDM8 (an H3K36me2 demethylase), Jmj4, was further investigated in this study but no H3K6 demethylase activity was found for the protein. Both disruption and overexpression of the gene encoding Jmj4 similarly had no effect on the culture and symbiotic phenotypes of E. festucae. However, deletion of setB, encoding the homologue of yeast Set2 (H3K36 methyltransferase) specifically reduced histone H3K36me3 levels in E. festucae. This contrasts with deletion of Set2 in other fungi which affected H3K36 mono-, di- and trimethylation. The ΔsetB mutant was severely impeded in development, and was unable to establish infection of the host plant. Introduction of the wild-type setB gene reversed these phenotypes. This study shows that H3K4 trimethylation controlled by CclA and KdmB is an important regulator of subtelomeric secondary metabolite genes in E. festucae but not for the symbiotic interaction of the fungus with perennial ryegrass. On the other hand, the histone H3K36 methyltransferase SetB specifically controls H3K36 trimethylation in E. festucae and is required for normal vegetative growth and ability of the fungus to infect the host plant

Perancangan Dan Pembuatan Purwarupa Automated Guided Vehicle Terintegrasi Sistem Informasi Pada Simulasi Warehouse

Salah satu otomasi yang dilakukan dalam sistem pergudangan adalah pada proses transportasi logistik dengan menggunakan Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV). AGV merupakan wahana yang bergerak secara otonom dan terprogram. AGV merupakan pengembangan dari penggunaan forklift yang dikemudikan oleh operator. Sejumlah mata kuliah yang diberikan di Fakultas Teknologi Industri Universitas Atma Jaya (FTI UAJY) membahas tentang pergudangan dan otomasi, berikut juga praktikum yang memberi gambaran mengenai cara kerja sistem kendali industri. Namun pada kenyataanya, banyak mahasiswa yang masih belum memahami bahasan tersebut. Purwarupa AGV dirancang dan dibuat sebagai alat peraga pembelajaran yang terintegrasi dengan sistem informasi sehingga mampu menggambarkan kegiatan otomasi yang terjadi pada simulasi pergudangan. Metode rasional digunakan sebagai dasar perancangan yang menunjukkan prioritas pembuatan purwarupa. Purwarupa AGV menggunakan komponen yang sudah diajarkan pada praktikum Sistem Kendali Industri (SKI) untuk menunjukkan keterkaitan materi yang sudah diajarkan. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah terciptanya purwarupa AGV dengan model dasar industrial reach truck, dengan basis pergerakan perunut garis yang terintegrasi dengan sistem informasi menggunakan Radio Frequency (RF), yang mampu menggambarkan aktifitas penyimpanan dan pengambilan logistik pada simulasi pergudangan. Purwarupa AGV mampu berkomunikasi dengan server secara real time, begitu pula sebaliknya. Uji coba kinerja sistem dengan melakukan sampling proses penyimpanan dan pengambilan barang pada semua sel yang ada di layout gudang, proses kembali ke docking station, dan juga feedback ke server. Presentase keberhasilan yang didapatkan yaitu 94% pada proses penyimpanan, 92.67% pada proses pengambilan, 96.36% pada proses kembali ke docking station, dan 100% respon feedback

Penerapan Teknik Seo (Search Engine Optimization) pada Website dalam Strategi Pemasaran melalui Internet

The purpose of this research is how to optimize a web design that can increase the number of visitors. The number of Internet users in the world continues to grow in line with advances in information technology. Products and services marketing media do not just use the printed and electronic media. Moreover, the cost of using the Internet as a medium of marketing is relatively inexpensive when compared to the use of television as a marketing medium. The penetration of the internet as a marketing medium lasted for 24 hours in different parts of the world. But to make an internet site into a site that is visited by many internet users, the site is not only good from the outside view only. Web sites that serve as a medium for marketing must be built with the correct rules, so that the Web site be optimal marketing media. One of the good rules in building the internet site as a marketing medium is how the content of such web sites indexed well in search engines like google. Search engine optimization in the index will be focused on the search engine Google for 83% of internet users across the world using Google as a search engine. Search engine optimization commonly known as SEO (Search Engine Optimization) is an important rule that the internet site is easier to find a user with the desired keywords

TARI RONGGENG GENGGES : CROSS GENDER DI KOMUNITAS MISS ICON BANDUNG

Penelitian ini berjudul “TARI RONGGENG GENGGES : CROSS GENDER DI KOMUNITAS MISS ICON BANDUNG”. Penelitian yang dirumuskan untuk mengetahui bagaimana struktur gerak, tata rias dan tata busana yang ada pada tari ronggeng gengges. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah deskriftif analisis dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan teknik observasi, wawancara, studi dokumentasi, dan studi pustaka. Ragam gerak tari ronggeng gengges berakar dari pola gerak tari pergaulan atau tari rakyat yang kemudian dimodifikasi ulang sehingga menghasilkan ragam gerak yang baru. Struktur gerak pada tari ronggeng gengges terdiri dari 31 ragam gerak dengan 8 gerak yang termasuk ke dalam gerak maknawi (gesture), 14 gerak murni (pure movement), 5 gerak berpindah tempat (locomotion), dan 4 gerak buton signal (perkuat ekspresi). Struktur koreografi pokok tari ronggeng gengges terbagi ke dalam tiga bagian yaitu struktur koreografi awalan terdapat gerak sembahan, ngageulis, dalam isi terdapat usap dada, ngalaga, ngagengges, dan penutup mincid, ngabajidor. Rias pada tari ronggeng gengges ini menggunakan character make-up, sedangkan busana yang digunakan terdiri dari 12 komponen yang telah mengikuti zaman yang kreatif. Rias dan busana tari ronggeng gengges ini didominasi oleh warna hijau memiliki kesan yang lembut, sejuk dan segar, warna merah memiliki sifat keberanian, agresif, aktif, dan warna emas (gold) memberikan kesan kemakmuran dan kemewahan. Pada dasarnya tari ronggeng gengges hanyalah sebuah pertunjukan tari yang bersifat hiburan semata dan akan mengalami pasang surut dalam seni pertunjukan di masyarakat, meskipun demikian tari ronggeng gengges telah menjadi warna baru dalam dunia pertunjukan tari khususnya di kota Bandung. ;---This study is entitled “RONGGENG GENGGES DANCE: CROSS GENDER IN MISS ICON COMMUNITY OF BANDUNG”. This study is aimed to reveal what the motion structure, makeup, and clothing style used in this Ronggeng Gengges dance are. The method used in this study is descriptive analysis with qualitative approach. The data collection used observation technique, interview, documentation study and literature review. The various numbers of variety dances in gengges dance are new modified varieties of previous social and folk dances. The motion structure of Ronggeng Gengges consists of 31 range motions of dance that includes 8 meaningful gestures, 14 pure movements, 5 locomotion gestures, and 4 buton signal. The structure of the basic choreography in ronggeng gengges is divided into three parts, which are the beginning choreography that includes basic gestures of sembahan and ngageulis, the main choreography that includes the gestures of usap dada, ngalaga, and ngagengges and the closing choreography that includes minced and ngabajidor. The make up in gengges ronggeng dance uses corrective make up, while the clothing style worn consists of 12 components that keep pace with the times. The make-up and clothing style of this dance is dominated by green color that has fresh, cool, and gentle impression. Red color is also chosen for the color has active, aggressive and bravery impression. Gold color is chosen for the clothing of ronggeng gengges to give an impression of luxury and wealth. Basically, ronggeng gengges dance is only dancing show that entertains, and it may face its ups and down in the performing art in society. However, ronggeng gengges dance has become a new color of dance performing in Bandung

Analisis Strategi Bersaing pada Distributor Gula di Indonesia

Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui strategi bersaing yang dapat digunakan dalam menghadapi persaingan di sektor perdagangan industri distributor gula. Seperti yang kita ketahui bahwa produksi gula di Indonesia, sampai saat ini masih belum dapat memenuhi permintaan masyarakat Indonesia. Oleh karena itu pemerintah tidak punya pilihan lain selain mengimport gula dari luar negeri untuk dapat memenuhi permintaan gula di pasar. Hal ini menyebabkan banyak pembisnis yang berkecimpung dalam bisnis ini, hal ini menjadi sangat menarik untuk diteliti bagi penulis mengenai bagaimana strategi yang dapat digunakan Perusahaan distributor gula untuk dapat bersaing dengan Perusahaan pesaing yang ada. Pengumpulan data dilakukan oleh penulis dengan cara wawancara dan observasi secara langsung di lapangan. Setelah mendapatkan data, penulis memastikan keabsahan data dengan metode Trianggulasi. Cara yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini adalah dengan membadingkan data hasil pengamatan dengan data hasil wawancara, dan membandingkannya kembali dengan data – data tertulis yang dimiliki oleh Perusahaan . Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan, bahwa strategi yang digunakan oleh Perusahaan adalah pengembangan pasar, dan strategi ini masih relevan untuk digunakan. Perusahaan hanya perlu menambahkan strategi baru yaitu penetrasi pasar untuk dapat memaksimalkan omset penjualan

PENGARUH PROFESIONALISME GURU DAN MOTIVASI KERJA TERHADAP KINERJA GURU SMA BATIK 2 SURAKARTA

ASBTRACT The aims of this study were: (1) to find out whether there was any significant effect of teachers’ professionalism to the teachers’ performance of Batik Senior High School 2 Surakarta; (2) to find out whether there was any significant effect of work motivation to the teachers’ performance of Batik Senior High School 2 Surakarta; and (3) to find out whether there was any significant effect of teachers’ professionalism and work motivation to the teachers’ performance of Batik Senior High School 2 Surakarta. This study used quantitative study approach, by descriptive method. The population of this study was all teachers of Batik Senior High School 2 Surakarta. Sampling technique used in this study was probability sampling that was simple random sampling by using raffling, in the amount of 35 students from a population of 55 teachers. The data collecting technique used was questionnaire and documentation techniques. While the data analysis technique of this study was statistical test by correlation analysis and multiple regression. Based on the result of this study, it could be concluded that: (1) there was a significant effect of teachers’ professionalism to the teachers’ performance of Batik Senior High School 2 Surakarta. It was shown by the value of rvalued > rtable or 0.443>0.334 on a significance level 5%; (2) there was a significant effect of work motivation to the teachers’ performance of Batik Senior High School 2 Surakarta. It was shown by the value of rvalued > rtable or 0.634>0.334 on a significance level 5%; (3) There was a significant effect of teachers’ professionalism and work motivation simultaneously to the teachers performance of Batik Senior High School 2 Surakarta. It was shown by Fvalued > Ftable or 22.528>3.295 on a significance level 5%. Other finding in this study was a multiple linear regression equation Ŷ = -5.978 + 5.82X1 + 7.66X2, which meant that the average of teachers’ performance would increased or decreased 5.82 on the increase of decrease of a teachers’ professionalism unit, and would get 7.66X2 increase or decrease on the increase of decrease of a work motivation unit. Whereas the relative contribution of teachers’ professionalism to the teachers’ performance was 40.79%, and the relative contribution of work motivation to the teachers’ performance was 59.21%. The effective contribution of teachers’ professionalism to the teachers’ performance was 23.85% and the effective contribution of work motivation to the teacher’s performance was 34.62%. Keywords: Teachers’ professionalism, Work motivation, Teachers’ performanc