Cations and Anions in Sewage Sludge from Gaza Waste Water Treatment Plant

This paper determined cations and anions concentrations, Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN), and heavy metals content in sewage sludge collected from the drying beds of wastewater treatment plant in Gaza. The aim was to test the possibility of using this sewage sludge as an alternative source of mineral fertilizers. Many instruments were used in this work: flame photometry (K, Na), EDTA titration (Ca, Mg), the turbidity method ()

Physicochemical properties of sewage sludge from Gaza

This study characterized the physicochemical properties of sewage sludge collected from Gaza wastewater treatment plant. Sludge samples were collected from the drying beds, air-dried, sieved through 2 mm and stored in plastic bags at room temperature. Sludge density, particle size distribution, water holding capacity, void volume, pH, EC, total organic carbon and hydrophobicity were determined. Results showed the bulk density is about 1.18 g/cm3 whereas the real density is 2.12 g/cm3 and void volume is 50%; Particle size distribution showed that the major size of sludge is sand-like size (630-200 µm) and the minor size is silt-like size (200-20 µm) and clay-like size are less than 20 µm. Sludge has an acidic pH reaction (6.78±0.02) with an electric conductivity equal to (2.49±0.04) mS∙ cm− 1. The hydrophobicity of sludge is very high, water drop penetration time (WDPT) is 114.77±18.78 sec with a radius of 0.44±0.08 cm. In the way around, oil drop penetration time (ODPT) of sludge is 5.05±1.28 sec with a radius of 1.25±0.14 cm. The WDPT/ODPM ration is very high value 22.73 indicating extreme hydrophobicity. High value of hydrophobicity may reduce water filtration in soil when sludge applied for agriculture. These results suggest that sludge application to soil may change the physicochemical properties of soil

Effect of mixed and artificial feeding on the growth performance of Gattan Luciobarbus xanthopterus Heckel, 1843 larvae

This work aimed to study the rearing feasibility of Luciobarbus xanthopterus larvae using artificial and mixed (live (Chlorella sp.) + artificial) food and their effects on their growth performance during early development. Larvae (1.65 cm in length and 0.02 g weight) were obtained from a Marine Science Hatchery and cultured in indoor tanks for 35 days. the larvae fed mixed feed T1 and artificial feed T2 (fish meal + soybean meal). The results showed that the larvae of T1 treatment outperformed significantly in final length, final weight, final weight gain, daily and specific growth rate, which amounted to 3.44 cm, 0.3568 g, 0.3368 g, 0.0096 g/day, and 8.2185 % weight/day, respectively. Also, the results showed that larvae fed on T1 grew faster. The present study showed that applying a mixture of artificial and live food after four weeks' age i.e. after absorption of the yolk sac for feeding larvae can reduce the costs of producing and providing better growth and survival rates

Modeling of Single Channel Monolithic Reactor with The Single pass Flow Operation System

In the following sections, the recent published studies on modeling andsimulation of monolith reactors were reviewed. Mass transfer, and reaction kineticswere achieved by establishing mass, energy and momentum balance equations. Themodel equations were solved simultaneously. Such a model can be useful for studyingthe impact of changes of superficial gas and liquid velocities on reaction rate withinthe slug flow regime. The reaction system used is the hydrogenation α–methyl styrene(AMS) to cumene over a palladium on γ–alumina catalyst, It is a well knownsystem used to understand three-phase reactor performance under mass transferlimited condition by the gas mass transfer through the liquid film at the catalystsurface to the active sites. The effects of superficial gas and liquid velocities onreaction rate were studied with the range of 10 cm/s ≤ UL ≤ 30 cm/s, and 10 cm/s≤ UG ≤ 30 cm/s. The flow pattern for all these range of velocities was in the Taylorflow pattern

Removal of Cadmium(II) Onto Granular Activated Carbon And Kaolinite Using Batch Adsorption

The removal of Cd(II) onto granular activated carbon (GAC) and kaolinite in singlecomponent systems has been studied using batch adsorption. Batch adsorption studied werecarried out under various amount of GAC and Kaolinite, Cd(II) ion concentration, pH andcontact time. The experimental data was analyzed by Langmuir, Freundlich and Redlich-Peterson isotherms. The equilibrium adsorption capacity of Cd(II) was determined fromLangmuir isotherm equation and found to be 3.002 mg/g for GAC and 1.837 mg/g forkaolinite. Pore diffusion model for batch adsorption is used to predict the concentrationdecaycurve for adsorption of Cd(II) onto GAC and kaolinite

WATER CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOR IN SEMI- RURAL AREAS IN THE GAZA STRIP: BEIT LAHYA TOWN AS ACASE STUDY

Groundwater is the major source of drinking water in both urban and rural areas in the Gaza Strip. Population growth and urban expansion have persistently raised the demand for water supply and consequently, greatly increased the exploitation of groundwater in the Gaza strip. The importance of this research is to investigate the water consumption behavior in semi-rural area by studying the current distribution situation, water demand and supply, the unaccounted for water and studying the effect of urban agriculture on the system efficiency. Therefore, field survey to determine the sources of water for irrigation, the agricultural area and water meter readings was conducted for continuous three periods two in summer and one in winter. Urban agriculture is one of the most persistent approaches for supplying food in the Gaza Strip. The main outcomes of the study are that; farmers use the domestic network illegally for irrigation purposes leading to high percentage of unaccounted for water. This leads to higher water consumption per capita in Beit Lahya which apparently exceeds 230 l/c/d according to water well production in year 2010 equal (6.098 MCM) and the unaccounted for water more than 60% in semi urban quarters where green houses are the main agricultural practice. The difference between supply and demand indicates that the farmers use illegal connections to irrigate the adjacent agricultural areas. The overall system efficiency for water distribution is 42.0% and 55.7% for summer and winter periods, respectively. The quarters with intensive agriculture show high percentage of unaccounted for water (73%), while the urban quarters unaccounted for water is 24%. Therefore new policy and regulations concerning water resources management should be implemented for the semi urban areas in the Gaza Strip. Key words: Water supply, Unaccounted for water, illegal connections, urban agricultur

The Audio Frequency Conductance Study of Some Metal Succinate Salts in Aqueous Medium at Different Temperatures (Part I: Magnesium, Manganese (II), Barium and Copper Succinates)

The audio electrical conductances of aqueous solutions of magnesium, manganese II, barium, and copper succinates have been measured at various temperatures in the range of 298.15 K to 313.15 K, using an audio frequency conductance bridge. The evaluation of conductance data was carried out by minimisation technique using the theoretical equations of the complete and modified forms of Pitts (P) and Fuoss-Hsia (F-H), each a three-parameter equation, association constant (KA), molar conductance (Λm), and distance parameter (a). Quantitative results showed that these salts do not behave as “strong” electrolytes, and that their dissociations are far from complete. The abnormally low conductances of these electrolytes are not due to the presence of electrically neutral molecules but to the ion-pair formation. The Walden product values, as well as the standard thermodynamics functions (ΔH∘,ΔG∘,ΔS∘) for the association reaction at the four temperatures studied, have been evaluated.</jats:p

The Audio Frequency Conductance Study of Some Metal Succinate Salts in Aqueous Medium at Different Temperatures (Part Ii: Zinc, Nickel and Cobalt Succinates)

The electrical conductances of aqueous solutions of zinc, nickel and cobalt succinates have been measured at four temperatures in the temperature range from 298.15K to 313.15K. The limiting molar conductances (Λo), association constants (KA) and the closest distances of approach (a) were calculated using the complete and modified forms of Fouss-Hsia (F/H) and Pitts (P). Quantitative results showed that these salts do not behave as "strong" electrolytes, and that their dissociations are far from complete. The abnormally law conductances of these electrolytes are due to the ion pair formation. The Walden product values, as well as the standard thermodynamic functions (DHo, DGo, DSo) for association reactions have been evaluated

Detection of five substitution TPO mutations in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) and thyroid hormones disturbance patients

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS (is a complex disorder which reflects variable clinical symptoms. There is considerable heterogeneity of symptoms and signs among women with PCOS, and for an individual, these may change over time. The genetic base of PCOS is not clear and no concrete genetic correlation was built with PCOS. The current study showed the presence of multiple peripheral small cysts 5-9 mm also there was an increase in ovarian volume 3.7-3.9 cm and change in ovarian dimensions with the ovary being more spherical. 20.8% of the PCOS patients included in this study found to have hyperthyroidism. Thethyroid stimulating hormone-TSH level was significantly higher 17.34±5.12μIU/ml in 4 POCS patients with thyroid hormones disturbance than the level in POCS patients without thyroid disturbance or healthy control group )2.19 ±0.47 and 2.33±0.44 μIU/ml respectively(. On the other hand, the rest of POCS patients with thyroid hormones disturbance 7 Patients showed lower significance levels of triiodothyronine-T3 and thyroxine-T4 (0.96±0.029 and 51.33± 10.96 n.mol/L respectively) than other groups. At the molecular analysis five substitution thyroid peroxidase genes -TPO mutations were detected in 5 patients with PCOS and thyroid hormones disturbances. Three of them were detected in exon 8 and two in exon 9. The missense substation mutations detected in this study involve one transition of T to C (c.904T>C) and 4 transversion of C to G, C to A and G to C (c.904T>C, c.1280C>G, c.1265C>A, c.1617G>C and c.1603G>C respectively)