Effects of laser therapy on chronic skin ulcers healing interventions for Sudanese patients

Background: The purpose of this study is attempting to the assessment of the effectiveness of low level laser therapy (LLLT) with specific parameters in the treatment of selected Sudanese patients based on clinical records of different skin ulcers and diabetic's wounds in Khartoum state hospitals. Thus, the effect of the laser treatment using bio - stimulation effects on tissues in infrared laser and in the visible region depends on frequencies, power density and time of exposure rate on skin diseases.Methods: It is prospective clinical descriptive, interventional study on seven selected males and females of different ages depend on clinical and positive smear LD bodied, which was confirmed at Omdurman tropical disease hospital. Low power laser Omega-XP with tunable wavelengths 820 nm, 780 nm, 675 nm and constant parameters were applied for medical treatment.Results: Utilization of laser dosage (energy density) of 40 J/cm2 and 1.6 w/cm2 power density of the wavelength 820 nm and 30 J/cm2 energy density and power density of 0.24 w/cm2 of 780 nm wavelength, in addition to energy density of 8 J/cm2 and power density of 0.24 w/cm2 and 0.40 w/cm2 and energy density of 1.6 J/cm2 for the 675 wavelength was applied. In this study, we used the bio-stimulation effect of LLLT to enhance healing through immune modulation. However, the application of low level diode laser in the treatment of diabetic wounds can be accompanied by low energy density and short wavelength to give better results in a short time and a good diagnostic accuracy for its potentiality in the field.Conclusions: Consequently, the brown skins in Sub-Saharan region for different tissues of Sudanese diabetic patients of chronic skin ulcer can be treated with different wavelengths and energy relative to tissues softening  and laser parameters of that optimum values were obtained. The assessment of skin regeneration using laser therapy expose that the quality of growth, the reasonable period of healing and decreases the risk skin infection were achieved. The process of diabetic wounds curing and de-pigmentation, potential resident of decreasing pain and an efficient adjunct to a standard wound management was obtained.

Bio-kinetics of organic removal in EAAS reactor for co-treatment of refinery wastewater with municipal wastewater.

Abstract The refinery wastewater (RWW) is very complex in nature, which need energy intense treatment. Thus, it is difficult for developing countries to manage the treatment of RWW. The feasible option to tackle the problem is co-treatment with municipal wastewater (MWW). In the present study, co-treatment of RWW (0, 10, 20, 40, 60 and 80) % with MWW was investigated in a bench scale extended aeration activated sludge (EAAS) reactor. The result indicate that the maximum organic removal was achieved at 20% RWW, which was 91.84%. However, first order substrate removal model and Stover-Kincannon model achieve the coefficient of correlation value of 99.17% and 99.14% respectively, which clearly indicate that these models can be implemented to predict the performance of reactor. Furthermore, designing of the EAAS treatment plant can be conducted for co-treatment of RWW with MWW.</jats:p

Performance Characteristics and Emission Formations of a Spark Ignition (SI) Engine Fueled with Different Gaseous Fuels

In this study, engine performance, combustion characteristics and exhaust emissions such as CO2, CO, N-2, O-2, O, H, OH, H-2, H2O and NO of a spark ignition engine fueled with different gaseous fuel types such as propane, methane and hydrogen at stoichiometric condition are examined. A validated combustion model by experiments has been used to demonstrate different fuel types' influences on the engine performance and exhaust products. The acquired results are compared with the data of gasoline combustion. The results indicated that the engine operating with the gaseous fuels has close results to the engine fueled with gasoline in terms of performance characteristics such as power output (PO), indicated mean effective pressure and thermal efficiency. The PO of the engine fueled with propane is able to provide 98.2% of the power of the engine fueled with gasoline. The power reduction percentages of methane- and hydrogen-fueled engines are 10 and 22%. The percentage differences of propane, methane and hydrogen are 1.6, 3 and 29% in terms of TE. However, different gaseous fuel kinds lead to remarkable differences in terms of emission formations. 72% less NO formation is seen in hydrogen combustion compared to gasoline combustion. The propane combustion decreases the CO2 and NO up to 3 and 9%, and increases the CO up to 2%. The methane combustion reduces the CO, CO2 and NO by 23, 21 and 35%