Development the Economical Chemical Treatment Plant for Chromium Recovery From Tannery Waste Water

The provided data given by the Tanneries Association, the normalwaste on everyday basis from all the leather industries in district Kasur is assessedabove 193 tons as wet salted weight, including 9,000 skins of buffaloesand cattle, and 11,050 to16,000 hides ofgoat and sheep processed every day. A mutualwastewater treatment plant may be a large or a complex factory for collecting on every day basisis about 16,000 m3 of high contaminated waste water as processing itfor the producing clean water for the discharging into a water body with 10 of tons of semi-solidsludge is disposed with a suitable manner. It is estimated that 160 tones per annum of chromium in terms of basic chromium sulfate (BCS) is discharged as waste in the effluent. This can be recovered and recycled. For this purposes, precipitation techniqes is used for separation of chromium from tannery wastewater. In this process,precipitants agent is lime as best one and 97% chromium recovery with help it. Economics cost of process is very low as Rs. 10. It is very attractive way to install the chromium recovery plant

Treatment of Drinking Water in Economical Cost Perspective

It is observed that most economical way in treating the drinking water for humans with coagulation treatment cost is Rs.1.25 per litre calculated in case of open surface water but only Rs.0.15 cost for ground and water storage tanks samples, after treatment it is sure water is safe for drinking purpose. But boiling treatment of drinking water is not economical as compare to coagulation treatment because it covers the Rs. 2.5 to Rs. 1.0 it depends on nature of water quality to treat. This cost was applicable and useful for human\u27s drinking water treatment and save the medical treatment cost from suffering the painful water borne diseases such as cholera and diarrhoea. Aluminium sulphate is coagulated which economical but with low price available and we must use it for canal water treatment because 5 to 10 percent toxins are present. In case of ground water and storage water tanks, treatment we no need coagulant we just need boiling of drinking water then it is sure that toxins and other organic material vaporized and drinking water free of low toxicity and safe to health

Production of L-asparaginase from Natural Substrates by Escherichia coli ATCC 10536 and Comparison of Physiology Parameters

High demand of L-asparaginase urges the researchers to maximize the production of this enzyme with affordable cost in short period of time. Microbial fermentation is an alternative source for production of L-asparaginase enzyme due to its low cost, easy culturing techniques as well as efficient purification. Addition of substrate is in favour to maximize the production of L-asparaginase where this substrate can be in the form of natural substance or waste products. Excessive amount of waste may cause environmental pollution. Thus, by utilizating waste as substrate is beneficial because the amount of waste can be reduced greaty. This study has shown that both cooked chicken bone and Moringa oleifera seeds as food waste and natural substance respectively can be used to enhance the production of this enzyme which involves fermentatio

Managing the Quality of Chromium Sulphate during the Recycling From Tanning Waste Water

Quality management is a big issue during recovery and recycling process because if desired quality is not received during chromium recovery or recycling process, we may be faced another problem of recycled materials. This also seen that most important that the production processes is useless without taking specific required quality of chromium., in real way about 60%-70% of chromium salt is used as chemical interaction with the hides but 30%-40% of chemical chromium salt is wasted as the solid and liquid form. Therefore, the quality during the recovery process of the chromium sulphate from chromium wastewater that is most important step for controlling environmental pollution with some economical benefits. Recycling of chromium sulphate is possible by using chemical precipitation method for water treatment, two precipitating agents' magnesium oxide and calcium hydroxide plus alum are used for this purpose. Final findings showed that the optimum pH for efficient recovery with required quality was 8 and the Recycling of chromium sulphate was about 99(%) at pH 8 with good sludge with high settling rate. on the Base of these findings an economical production plant can be designed which are useful for quality improvement

Dual Spikes; New Spiky String Solutions

We find a new class of spiky solutions for closed strings in flat, $AdS_3\subset AdS_5$ and $R\times S^2(\subset S^5)$ backgrounds. In the flat case the new solutions turn out to be T-dual configurations of spiky strings found by Kruczenski hep-th/0410226. In the case of solutions living in $AdS$, we make a semi classical analysis by taking the large angular momentum limit. The anomalous dimension for these dual spikes is similar to that for rotating and pulsating circular strings in AdS with angular momentum playing the role of the level number. This replaces the well known logarithmic dependence for spinning strings. For the dual spikes living on sphere we find that no large angular momentum limit exists.Comment: Added reference

Climate Change and Agricultural Transformation in Shigar Valley, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan: A Commune-Scientific Perception

Climatic change is no more a theoretical paradigm but a scientific fact now. Its men fed incubation period has over and symptoms are evident not only across highland glaciated areas like Shigar Valley, Baltistan and rest of the world but also downstream areas. Communities living in Shigar Valley are agro-pastoral and depend on snow and glacier meld water for agriculture and other domestic uses. Their principal agriculture produce consists upon wheat, buck wheat and barley. Study revealed that over the last thirty years, inhabitants have gone through a transition towards new adaptation approaches caused by climate change in the valley. With a decline and decrease in glacial mass and agricultural produce local inhabitants seek more employments and off-farm activities rather than spending their time on fields. Temperature has increased and experienced throughout the year has winter has become short and mild followed by warmer prolonged summer experiencing 40°C+ hotness which previous generations has never experienced in their life time. A marking shift of 7-15 days of flowering time is visible. Rainfall has highly increased in its intensity during spring followed by winter. Snowfall has a marking shift from little fall in winter towards heavy fall in spring followed by an increase in monsoon flooding, floral diseases and fuel consumption. Vegetation cover has declined more near village as compared to pastures. Crop sowing, harvesting and snow melt periods have prolonged. Avian, mammalian and herpeto fauna have declined in terms of their species richness and population equally. A change impacting rural livelihood and food insecurity is visible. In a prevailing situation innovative folk wisdom grounded mitigation and adaptation strategies are needed

Microbiological Botulinum Toxins Removing From Drinking Water Sources by Treatment of Coagulation Process

Water is a very important nutrient and responsible to maintain good health as well as proper performing the body functions, Water can remove the harmful toxins from the body. Infective disease produced by pathogenic microbes like bacteria, parasites and viruses including their metabolites as toxins are the known as most common and common health risk which connected with unsafe drinking water. It is expected; around 1.1 billion people worldwide have to drink unsafe drinking water per day. More than 95 % of these deaths are possible in low-income countries, where numerous causes like malnutrition, poor hygiene and sanitation create the immune deficiencies and specially factor such as unsafe drinking of water strongly affected on it. In the present study, C. Botulinum as bacterial specious and its related toxin botulinum toxins are detected in samples of ground water, water storage tanks and canal water but low values of toxins present in ground water sample and high values find in canal water sample.Coagulation process is used for removing the Botulinum toxins from drinking water source and giving the amazing results as show 92-97% toxins removes from drinking water samples by using the coagulant aluminium sulphate

On Supergravity Solutions of Branes in Melvin Universes

We study supergravity solutions of type II branes wrapping a Melvin universe. These solutions provide the gravity description of non-commutative field theories with non-constant non-commutative parameter. Typically these theories are non-supersymmetric, though they exhibit some feature of their corresponding supersymmetric theories. An interesting feature of these non-commutative theories is that there is a critical length in the theory in which for distances larger than this length the effects of non-commutativity become important and for smaller distances these effects are negligible. Therefore we would expect to see this kind of non-commutativity in large distances which might be relevant in cosmology. We also study M5-brane wrapping on 11-dimensional Melvin universe and its descendant theories upon compactifying on a circle.Comment: 25 pages, latex file; v2: typos corrected, Refs. adde