Is host range of carrot restricted to Alternaria dauci?

International audienc

Evaluating aggressiveness and host range of Alternaria dauci in a controlled environment

The aggressiveness of Alternaria dauci isolates was investigated in greenhouse conditions. Twenty-seven isolates were pre-selected from a large collection to represent high diversity according to geographic or host origins and intergenic spacer (IGS) polymorphism. IGS sequence analysis revealed that isolates were grouped within three different clusters. Eleven isolates were selected and inoculated on a susceptible carrot cultivar. Three criteria (mean lesion number, mean necrotic leaf area and mean disease index) were used to assess the aggressiveness of isolates. Continuous variation in aggressiveness was shown and no clear division into isolate classes was evident. For the host range study, two isolates were inoculated under greenhouse conditions onto nine cultivated Apiaceae species, two wild Daucus species and six cultivated non-Apiaceae species representing six botanical families. Lesions varying in severity were observed on all dicot species (Apiaceae and non-Apiaceae), but no symptoms developed on the two monocots studied (leek and sweetcorn). Plant species were also differentiated on the basis of expanding lesions (cultivated and wild carrot, dill and fennel) or non-expanding lesions (other dicot species). Typical A. dauci conidia were observed after in vitro incubation of leaves with symptoms. Fungal structures were isolated from lesions and A. dauci was confirmed on the basis of conidial morphology and specific conventional PCR results. Genotyping of individual isolates performed with microsatellite markers confirmed the presence of the inoculated isolate. The results clearly showed that, in controlled conditions, the host range of A. dauci is not restricted to carrot

Canonicalizing Knowledge Base Literals

Ontology-based knowledge bases (KBs) like DBpedia are very valuable resources, but their usefulness and usability is limited by various quality issues. One such issue is the use of string literals instead of semantically typed entities. In this paper we study the automated canonicalization of such literals, i.e., replacing the literal with an existing entity from the KB or with a new entity that is typed using classes from the KB. We propose a framework that combines both reasoning and machine learning in order to predict the relevant entities and types, and we evaluate this framework against state-of-the-art baselines for both semantic typing and entity matching

Vers un changement du calendrier cultural dans l’ecotone foret-savane de la Côte D’Ivoire

L’étude porte sur les pratiques agricoles paysannes de l’écotone forêt-savane de la Côte d’Ivoire sous l’effet des changements pluviométriques actuels. La caractérisation des changements agrométéorologiques entre 1937 et 2009, s’est appuyée sur les méthodes de Tyson et celle de Franquin. L’analyse des pratiques agricoles paysannes a été effectuée à partir des enquêtes de terrain, visites et observations des parcelles agricoles selon un échantillonnage non probabiliste portant sur 450  paysans de 9 villages. Les résultats ont révélé que dans le Centre de la Côte d’Ivoire (Dimbokro), le début de la grande saison des pluies a accuséun retard d’un mois tandis que la longueur de la petite saison des pluies a été réduite de deux décades. Face à ces changements, les stratégies d’adaptation paysannes sont : (i) la diversification des cultures pérennes de rente (cacaoyer, caféier, anacardier, palmier à huile et hévéa) et (ii) l’association de cultures vivrières annuelles. Concernant le calendrier agricole, l’étude a recommandé pour cette région : (i) deux périodes (Août et septembre) de nettoyage des cultures pérennes et (ii) le mois de mai pour les mises en place des cultures à tubercules et céréales au lieu du mois d’avril qui est de plus en plus déficitaire en termes de bilan hydrique.Mots clés : Calendrier agricole, changement pluviométrique, Côte d’Ivoire, écotone forêt-savane, stratégie paysanne. TOWARDSA CHANGE IN THE AGRICULTURAL CALENDAR IN THE ECOTONE FOREST-SAVANNA AREA OF COTE D’IVOIREThis paper examines the peasant farming practices in the forest-savanna ecotone of Côte d’Ivoire as influenced by the rainfall pattern change. The characterization of agrometeorological changes between 1937 and 2009 was made according to methods described by Tyson and that of Franquin. Peasant farming analysis was based on field surveys, visits and observations of agricultural parcels using a non-probability test sampling of 450 farmers from 9 villages. The results revealed that in the Centre of Côte d’Ivoire (Dimbokro), the beginning of the long rainy season  registered one month delay and the length of the short rainy season was reduced of 20 days. Faced with these changes, farmers’ adaptation  strategies were based on (i) the diversification of perennial cash crops  (cocoa, coffee, cashew, oil palm and rubber) and (ii) the mixed farmingcombining three food crops on the same plot. Regarding the agricultural calendar the study recommended for this region: (i) three field cleaning periods (August and December) for perennial crops and (ii) the month of May for tubers and cereals sowing instead of April, which is increasingly deficient in terms of water balance.Keywords : Agricultural calendar, rainfall pattern change, Côte d’Ivoire,  forest-savanna ecotone, adaptation strategies

Analysis of stakeholder perceptions and practices related to climate change adaptation in Burkina Faso

Burkina Faso, like other Sahelian countries, has experienced a profound change in its climatic regime, with the new context characterised by high rainfall variability with an overall downward trend and a shortening of the seasons. The future rainfall pattern anticipates a decrease in the frequency of low rainfall (0.1 to 5 mm per day), a lengthening of the average duration of dry sequences, and an early end and late start of rainy seasons. The objective of this study was to perform an in-depth analysis of stakeholder perceptions about agricultural water (AgWater) resources sustainability, practices in the context of climate variability and change in Burkina Faso. Interviews were held with institutional actors involved in water resources decision making and initiatives (Government, Research, Non-Governmental Organisations) in the country. In addition, based on four main criteria (climate condition, type of farm and crop, type of AgWater sources, reliability of AgWater), three agricultural sites were investigated using household surveys. The results showed that organisations and farmers in Burkina Faso were aware of climate impacts and had initiated and implemented for many years, diverse options and water control mechanisms for AgWater adaptation. However, there were still gaps in strategies for adapting the water sector to climate threats. Institutional bodies had not got yet attained capacity to sustainably anticipate the effects of climate change on AgWater. There was a lack of mainstreaming hydroclimate services at farm levels, especially for the dry season crops; lack of on-farm flood control mechanisms, absence of a clear gender approach and no standardised monitoring system, Farmers also lacked anticipatory resilience strategies, particularly those who used water sources that were considered as \u201creliable\u201d then. In general, most of the climate adaptation initiatives implemented lacked synergies, sustainability, and were uncertain about sound water resource management such as moving towards \u201cno regret\u201d and \u201cwin-win\u201d options.Le Burkina Faso, \ue0 l\u2019instar des pays du Sahel, a connu un changement consid\ue9rable de son r\ue9gime climatique. Le nouveau contexte climatique est caract\ue9ris\ue9 par une forte variabilit\ue9 et une baisse de la fr\ue9quence des pr\ue9cipitations (0,1 \ue0 5 mm par jour), un allongement de la dur\ue9e moyenne des s\ue9quences s\ue8ches, une fin pr\ue9coce et un d\ue9but tardif des saisons des pluies. L\u2019objectif de cette \ue9tude \ue9tait donc d\u2019effectuer une analyse approfondie des perceptions et pratiques des acteurs au regard de la s\ue9curit\ue9 en eau agricole dans un contexte de changement climatique au Burkina Faso. Des entretiens semi-structur\ue9s ont \ue9t\ue9 conduits avec les acteurs institutionnels impliqu\ue9s dans la gestion de l\u2019eau agricole (d\ue9cideurs, chercheurs, praticiens). Aussi, sur la base de quatre crit\ue8res principaux (conditions climatiques, type d\u2019exploitation et de cultures, type de sources d\u2019eau agricole, fiabilit\ue9 de la source d\u2019eau), trois sites agricoles ont \ue9t\ue9 s\ue9lectionn\ue9s et des enqu\ueates conduites aupr\ue8s des agriculteurs. Les r\ue9sultats ont montr\ue9 que l\u2019ensemble des acteurs institutionnels ou usagers exp\ue9rimentent les effets du climat sur l\u2019eau agricole. En outre, de nombreuses initiatives et m\ue9canismes, qui contribuent \ue0 l\u2019adaptation de cette ressource, ont \ue9t\ue9 mis en \u153uvre depuis de nombreuses ann\ue9es. Toutefois, il existe encore de nombreuses lacunes dans les strat\ue9gies pour une adaptation durable de l\u2019eau agricole aux menaces climatiques. Les acteurs institutionnels n\u2019ont pas encore la capacit\ue9 d\u2019anticiper efficacement les effets des changements climatiques. Il n\u2019existe pas encore de services hydroclimatiques au niveau des exploitations agricoles, notamment pour les cultures de saison s\ue8che ; de m\ueame que l\u2019absence de m\ue9canismes de maitrise des inondations sur ces exploitations agricoles, la promotion d\u2019une approche genre sp\ue9cifique et le manque d\u2019un syst\ue8me standard de suivi de la r\ue9silience. Les agriculteurs manquent de strat\ue9gies anticipatives d\u2019adaptation, en particulier autour des sources d\u2019eau consid\ue9r\ue9es comme \u201cfiables\u201d. En g\ue9n\ue9ral, la plupart des initiatives actuelles d\u2019adaptation au climat manquent de synergies, et la prise en compte de l\u2019incertitude climatique comme l\u2019orientation vers les \u201c options sans \u201cregret\u201d ou \u201cgagnant-gagnant\u201d

Incorporación de la evaluación de tecnologías sanitarias en la toma de decisiones en el sistema de servicios de salud del seguro social del Perú: La experiencia del IETSI.

Public health systems have the great challenge of meeting the population's health needs with limited financial resources. Thus, to incorporate new health technologies (HT) in their coverage plans, they use tools that allow them to inform their decisions based on scientific evidence, such as health technology assessments (HTAs). These are developed in a multidisciplinary way, under an explicit methodology, which estimates the value of a technology. With this information, the decision-maker can support his decision, anticipate the impact of its implementation, plan actions, and set goals, all of which promote efficient use of resources, transparency of processes, and facilitate accountability. The Peruvian Social Security healthcare system (EsSalud) implemented, through the Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación (IETSI), a decision-making process based on HTAs to decide on the coverage of new HT. From the creation of the IETSI in December 2014 to December 2021, 407 ETS have been carried out. Of these, 161 were approved, thus extending new treatments for clinical conditions. These incorporations have not translated into a sharp increase in the annual expending of medicines to put EsSalud's financial sustainability at risk, although it has increased patient access to innovative technologies. The average investment per patient treated with these technologies was reduced from S/ 133,270 in 2011 to S/ 47,779 in 2019.Los sistemas de salud públicos tienen el gran reto de atender las necesidades de salud de la población con recursos económicos limitados. Así, para incorporar nuevas tecnologías sanitarias (TS) en sus planes de cobertura usan herramientas que les permitan informar sus decisiones en evidencia científica, como las evaluaciones de tecnología sanitaria (ETS). Éstas son desarrolladas de forma multidisciplinaria, bajo una metodología explícita, lo que permite calcular el valor de una tecnología. Con esta información, el decisor puede sustentar su decisión, prever el impacto de su implementación, planificar acciones y establecer metas; todo lo cual potencia un uso eficiente de los recursos, transparencia de los procesos y facilita la rendición de cuentas. El Seguro Social de Salud del Perú (EsSalud) implementó, a través del Instituto de Evaluación de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación (IETSI), un proceso de toma de decisiones basado en ETS para decidir sobre la cobertura de nuevas TS. Desde la creación del IETSI en diciembre 2014 a diciembre del año 2021 se han realizado 407 ETS. De éstas, 161 fueron aprobatorias, extendiéndose así nuevos tratamientos para condiciones clínicas. Estas incorporaciones no se han traducido en un incremento agudo en el gasto anual de medicamentos que ponga en riesgo la sostenibilidad financiera de EsSalud, aunque incrementó el acceso de pacientes a tecnologías innovadoras. La inversión promedio por paciente atendido con estas tecnologías se redujo después de la creación del IETSI de S/ 133,270.00 en el 2011 a S/ 47,779.00 en el 2019

Una aproximación teórica de la literacidad mediática hacia la competencia mediática en el currículo peruano

Due to digital revolution, mass media has a great presence in people's lives. Hence, there is a prevailing media culture of incessant and changing information. This generates the need to develop a media literacy to be taught as part of a media competence in Peruvian classrooms. This would be presented with greater complexity and precision within the Peruvian National Curriculum of Basic Education in order to accomplish the ideal of the knowledge society. Therefore, the purpose of this paper was to carry out a theoretical review and an analysis of media literacy and its realization as a media competence in the curriculum. Because of this, it is concluded that some aspects of media competence are present in different curricular areas (Art and Culture, Communication, Social Sciences and Personal Development Citizenship and Civics) in addition to the transversal competence 28. However, these aspects are not exclusively or systematically presented as proposed by Ferrés through six dimensions. For this reason, it is proposed to include this competence within the area of communication, considering the characteristics and needs of the Peruvian educational system for the elaboration of its respective capacities and performances.Debido a la revolución digital, los medios de comunicación tienen una gran presencia en la vida de las personas. De ahí que se vive una imperante cultura mediática en donde la información es incesante y cambiante. Esto genera la necesidad de desarrollar una literacidad mediática que se enseñe como parte de una competencia mediática en las aulas peruanas. Esta se presentaría con mayor complejidad y precisión dentro del Currículo Nacional de Educación Básica del Perú en vista de cumplir con el ideal de la sociedad del conocimiento. Por ello, el presente trabajo tuvo como propósito realizar una revisión teórica y un análisis de la literacidad mediática y su concreción como competencia mediática en el currículo. A partir de ello, se concluye que algunos aspectos de la competencia mediática están presentes en diversas áreas curriculares (Arte y cultura, Comunicación, Ciencias sociales y Desarrollo Personal Ciudadanía y Cívica) además de la competencia transversal 28. Sin embargo, estos aspectos no se plantean exclusiva ni sistemáticamente como lo propone Ferrés a través de seis dimensiones. Es por ello que se propone que se incluya dicha competencia dentro del área de comunicación considerando las características y necesidades del sistema educativo peruano para la elaboración de sus respectivas capacidades y desempeños

Effet du nourrissage et de la fertilisation minérale sur la croissance du poisson serpent “Parachanna insignis (Channidae)” en étang

The influence of combination of feed based on rice bran and inorganic fertilizer (NPK-17-17-17) was tested in a three months studt on growth performances of snakehead fish in non-drained pond. Daily growth obtained with this mixed feed of rice bran combined with inorganic fertilization profited well to snakehead fish with growth of 1.463 g/day against 0.765 g/day for the control. This type of feed could be proposed to increase the production of fish farming in the trial area. Keywords: Pond, fertilization, feeding, Parachanna insignis, Democratic Republic of the CongoL’impact de l’alimentation à base de son de riz et de la fertilisation minérale à base de NPK-17-17-17 sur la croissance du poisson serpent «Parachanna insignis» (sauvage, 1884) a été testé durant trois mois en monoculture, en étang non vidangeable de bas-fonds. Les performances zootechniques obtenues sont intéressantes: un gain de poids quotidien de 1,463 g/jour contre 0,765 g/jour pour le témoin soit un accroissement de 91,2 % de gain de poids absolu pour ce fertilisant minéral. Ainsi, l’application du son de riz combiné au NPK-17-17-17 profite mieux à la croissance de cette espèce. Ce type d’élevage peut être encouragé pour augmenter de façon substantielle la production piscicole dans le milieu d’étude.Mots clés : Étang, Fertilisation, Nourrissage, Parachanna insignis, République Démocratique du Cong

Effect of nourishment and inorganic fertilization on growth of snakehead fish, «Parachanna insignis (Channidae)» in non-drained pond

The influence of combination of feed based on rice bran and inorganic fertilizer (NPK-17-17-17) was tested in a three months studt on growth performances of snakehead fish in non-drained pond. Daily growth obtained with this mixed feed of rice bran combined with inorganic fertilization profited well to snakehead fish with growth of 1.463 g/day against 0.765 g/day for the control. This type of feed could be proposed to increase the production of fish farming in the trial area

Evaluación preliminar de los niveles de cloro residual (Cl2) y contaminación por cloraminas en agua potable de la ciudad de Arequipa – 2015

Chlorine is a strong oxidizing agent and is the conventional chemical used in the disinfection process for water purification, reducing the risk of pathogenic infection. However, it may represent a chemical threat to human health due to waste and hazardous disinfection by-products formed as trihalomethanes, nitrosamines, chlorophenols, among others. This paper aims is to assess and monitor the concentration of free chlorine and chloramines in drinking water distributed in the city of Arequipa, to establish whether it is within the parameters set by the competent authority. Three monthly monitoring were performed in the distribution network of the three water treatment plants, performing the DPD spectrophotometric method, the experimental values to first order kinetic model were adjusted using the value of k = 0.0018 as decay constant. The values of free chlorine and chloramines, showed significant difference (p <0.05) in the months of monitoring, different water treatment plants and districts evaluated. It was concluded that the average values of free chlorine are within the parameters defined by the DIGESA and WHO. In addition chloramine concentration values are below the limit of 5 mg.L-1 that sets the international standard WHO.El cloro (Cl2) es un agente oxidante fuerte y es la sustancia química convencional utilizada en el proceso de desinfección para la potabilización del agua, reduciendo el riesgo de infección patógena. Sin embargo, puede representar una amenaza química para la salud humana debido a los residuos de desinfección y los subproductos peligrosos formados como los trihalometanos, nitrosaminas, cloro fenoles, entre otros. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo evaluar y monitorear la concentración de cloro libre y cloraminas en el agua potable distribuida en la ciudad de Arequipa, para establecer si se encuentra dentro de los parámetros establecidos por la autoridad competente. Se realizaron tres monitoreos mensuales, en la red de distribución de las tres plantas potabilizadoras, empleando el método espectrofotométrico con DPD, se ajustaron los valores experimentales al modelo cinético de primer orden, empleando el valor de k = 0.0018 como constante de decaimiento. Los valores de cloro libre y cloraminas, presentaron diferencia significativa (p<0,05) en los meses de monitoreo, las diferentes plantas potabilizadoras y los distritos evaluados. Se concluyó que el promedio de los valores de cloro libre están dentro de los parámetros definidos por la DIGESA norma y por la OMS norma WHO/SDE/ WSH/03.04/45. Además los valores de concentración de cloraminas se encuentran por debajo del límite de 5 mg.L-1 que establece la norma internacional OMS