Technologies for trapped-ion quantum information systems

Scaling-up from prototype systems to dense arrays of ions on chip, or vast networks of ions connected by photonic channels, will require developing entirely new technologies that combine miniaturized ion trapping systems with devices to capture, transmit and detect light, while refining how ions are confined and controlled. Building a cohesive ion system from such diverse parts involves many challenges, including navigating materials incompatibilities and undesired coupling between elements. Here, we review our recent efforts to create scalable ion systems incorporating unconventional materials such as graphene and indium tin oxide, integrating devices like optical fibers and mirrors, and exploring alternative ion loading and trapping techniques.Comment: 19 pages, 18 figure

Ion traps fabricated in a CMOS foundry

We demonstrate trapping in a surface-electrode ion trap fabricated in a 90-nm CMOS (complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor) foundry process utilizing the top metal layer of the process for the trap electrodes. The process includes doped active regions and metal interconnect layers, allowing for co-fabrication of standard CMOS circuitry as well as devices for optical control and measurement. With one of the interconnect layers defining a ground plane between the trap electrode layer and the p-type doped silicon substrate, ion loading is robust and trapping is stable. We measure a motional heating rate comparable to those seen in surface-electrode traps of similar size. This is the first demonstration of scalable quantum computing hardware, in any modality, utilizing a commercial CMOS process, and it opens the door to integration and co-fabrication of electronics and photonics for large-scale quantum processing in trapped-ion arrays.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure

Evaluation Capability of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genotypes under Salinity (NaCl) Stress as a Systematic Tolerance Assessment at Seed Germination and Early Growth Stage under Laboratory Conditions

Healthy seed germination is critical for the growth cycle of plants, and determines the establishment of seedlings and subsequent crop production. High salinity conditions can result in difficulty for seed germination and delays the germination period. Development of salinity tolerant genotypes through screening and selection is one important strategy to overcome this case. In the present study, the effects of salinity (0 mM NaCl (control= distilled water)), (50 mM NaCl (slight salt stress)) and (100, 150 and 200 mM NaCl (high salt stress)) had gradual and negative effects on seed water uptake and germination attributes. The results verified a remarkable variation for genetic materials ability under salinity conditions. Overall, among 14 wheat genotypes (Sids-12, Nielien and Weiber) genotypes were seemed to be relatively salt tolerance and (Gimeza-12, Diebera, Misr-1, Katela) genotypes were seemed to be moderately tolerant genotypes to salt stress, which were attributed to higher germination percentage, seedling length, seedling fresh and dry weight, tissue water content, vigor index and tolerance index. On the other hand, the genotypes (Shandaweil-1, Giza-168, Misr-2, Sids-1, Sanora, Gimez-7 and Sakha-94) were found to be moderately to strongly sensitive toward salt stress conditions. This systematic method is able to identify genetic variation in salinity tolerance in studies breeding material or in a large number of genotypes of wheat, and help to make account of differences with respect to salinity conditions