Self-directed passive-aggressive behaviour as an essential component of depression: findings from two cross-sectional observational studies

Background: The self-control model of depression suggests depressive symptoms to derive from distorted self-monitoring, dysfunctional self-evaluation and reduced self-reward as well as increased self-punishment. Building on this model a relationship between self-directed passive-aggressive behaviour, that is, harmful inactivity, and depression has been assumed. This association has been supported by a recent study in an inpatient sample. However, it remains unclear if patients with depressive disorders report more self-directed passive-aggressive behaviour than patients without depressive disorders and if self-directed passive aggression mediates the associations between distorted selfmonitoring and dysfunctional self-evaluation with depressive symptoms. Methods: Study 1 compared self-directed passive-aggressive behaviour levels between 220 psychotherapy outpatients with (n=140; 67.9% female; Mage=40.0) and without (n=80; 65.0% female; Mage=36.2) depressive disorders. Diagnoses were made based on the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. Study 2 examined self-directed passiveaggressive behaviour as a mediator of the relationship between distorted self-monitoring and dysfunctional selfevaluation and self-reported depressive symptoms in 200 undergraduate Psychology students. Results: Compared to outpatients without depressive disorders, outpatients with depressive disorder reported signifcantly more self-directed passive aggression (d=0.51). Furthermore, Study 2 verifed self-directed passiveaggressive behaviour as a partial mediator of the relationship between dysfunctional attitudes (abcs=.22, 95%-CI: .14, .31), attributional style (abcs=.20, 95%-CI: .13, .27), ruminative response style (abcs=.15, 95%-CI: .09, .21) and depressive symptoms. Conclusion: Self-directed passive-aggressive behaviour partially mediates the association between distorted selfmonitoring and dysfunctional self-evaluation with depressive symptoms. Future longitudinal studies need to examine a potential causal relationship that would form a base to include interventions targeting self-directed passive-aggressive behaviour in prevention and treatment of depression. Trial registration: Both studies were preregistered at the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00014005 and DRKS00019020)

Verfahrensdokumentation für SIVA: 0-6: Das Strukturierte Interview für das Vorschulalter

Beim SIVA: 0-6 handelt es sich um ein strukturiertes Interview, welches mit Eltern von Kindern im Vorschulalter zwischen drei Monaten und 6;11 Jahren durchgeführt wird. Mit dem Instrument können die häufigsten Störungsbilder des Vorschulalters erhoben werden. Die Fragen orientieren sich an den Diagnosekriterien der Klassifikationssysteme ICD-10, DC: 0-5 und DSM-5, erfassen zusätzlich aber auch noch weitere klinisch bedeutsame Informationen. Das SIVA: 0-6 ist modulartig aufgebaut. Es gibt insgesamt 17 Module für fünf Altersbereiche 0;3-1;0 Jahr, 1;1-2;0 Jahre, 2;1-3;0 Jahre, 3;1-4;0 Jahre und 4;1-6;11 Jahre. Reliabilität: Die Interrater-Reliabilität wurde berechnet. Validität: Überprüft wurden Konstruktvalidität und Kriteriumsvalidität des SIVA: 0-6. Die Validität zeigte sich in der Unterscheidung von Kindern mit und ohne eine Diagnose von internalisierenden Störungen.The SIVA: 0-6 is a structured interview conducted with parents of preschool-aged children between three months and 6;11 years. With this instrument, the most common disorders of preschool age can be assessed. The questions are based on the diagnostic criteria of the ICD-10, DC: 0-5 and DSM-5 classification systems, but also capture additional clinically significant information. The SIVA: 0-6 has a modular structure. There are a total of 17 modules for five age ranges 0;3-1;0 years, 1;1-2;0 years, 2;1-3;0 years, 3;1-4;0 years, and 4;1-6;11 years. Reliability: Interrater reliability was calculated. Validity: Construct validity and criterion validity of the SIVA: 0-6 were tested. Validity was shown in distinguishing children with and without a diagnosis of internalizing disorders.reviewedpublishedVersio

Self-directed passive-aggressive behaviour as an essential component of depression: findings from two cross-sectional observational studies

Abstract Background The self-control model of depression suggests depressive symptoms to derive from distorted self-monitoring, dysfunctional self-evaluation and reduced self-reward as well as increased self-punishment. Building on this model a relationship between self-directed passive-aggressive behaviour, that is, harmful inactivity, and depression has been assumed. This association has been supported by a recent study in an inpatient sample. However, it remains unclear if patients with depressive disorders report more self-directed passive-aggressive behaviour than patients without depressive disorders and if self-directed passive aggression mediates the associations between distorted self-monitoring and dysfunctional self-evaluation with depressive symptoms. Methods Study 1 compared self-directed passive-aggressive behaviour levels between 220 psychotherapy outpatients with (n = 140; 67.9% female; Mage = 40.0) and without (n = 80; 65.0% female; Mage = 36.2) depressive disorders. Diagnoses were made based on the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV. Study 2 examined self-directed passive-aggressive behaviour as a mediator of the relationship between distorted self-monitoring and dysfunctional self-evaluation and self-reported depressive symptoms in 200 undergraduate Psychology students. Results Compared to outpatients without depressive disorders, outpatients with depressive disorder reported significantly more self-directed passive aggression (d = 0.51). Furthermore, Study 2 verified self-directed passive-aggressive behaviour as a partial mediator of the relationship between dysfunctional attitudes (abcs = .22, 95%-CI: .14, .31), attributional style (abcs = .20, 95%-CI: .13, .27), ruminative response style (abcs = .15, 95%-CI: .09, .21) and depressive symptoms. Conclusion Self-directed passive-aggressive behaviour partially mediates the association between distorted self-monitoring and dysfunctional self-evaluation with depressive symptoms. Future longitudinal studies need to examine a potential causal relationship that would form a base to include interventions targeting self-directed passive-aggressive behaviour in prevention and treatment of depression. Trial registration Both studies were preregistered at the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00014005 and DRKS00019020). </jats:sec