A Survey of Energy Harvesting Sources for IoT Device

Environmental Energy is an alternative energy for wireless devices. A Survey of Energy Harvesting Sources for IoT Device is proposed. This paper identifies the sources of energy harvesting, methods and power density of each technique. Many reassert have carried to extract energy from environment. The IoT and M2M are connected through internet or local area network and these devices come with batteries. The maintenance and charging of batteries becomes tedious due to thousands of device are connected. The concept of Energy harvesting gives the solution for powering IoT, M2M, Wireless nodes etc. The process of extracting energy from the surrounding environment is termed as energy harvesting and derived from windmill and water wheel, thermal, mechanical, solar

Performance Evaluation of Spectral Clustering Algorithm using Various Clustering Validity Indices

In spite of the popularity of spectral clustering algorithm, the evaluation procedures are still in developmental stage. In this article, we have taken benchmarking IRIS dataset for performing comparative study of twelve indices for evaluating spectral clustering algorithm. The results of the spectral clustering technique were also compared with k-mean algorithm. The validity of the indices was also verified with accuracy and (Normalized Mutual Information) NMI score. Spectral clustering algorithm showed better results when compared to k-mean algorithm. All indices showed consistent results with spectral clustering technique. Silhouette Index, Hartigan Index, Davies-Bouldin (DB) index and Krzanowski-Lai (KL) index failed to evaluate k-mean clustering. Surprisingly, all eleven indices showed acceptable results for spectral clustering algorithm. This article confirms the superiority of spectral clustering algorithm and also confirms that all 12 indices are suitable for evaluating spectral clusterin

On some New Modular Equations and their Applications to Continued Fractions

In this paper, we obtain some new modular equations of degree2. We obtain several general formulas for the explicit evaluations of the Ramanujan's theta{function. As an application, we establish somenew modular relations for Ramanujan{Gollnitz{Gordon continued frac-tion H(q) with H(qn), Ramanujan{Selberg continued fraction V (q) with V (qn) and Eisenstein continued fraction E(q) with E(qn) for n =6; 10; 14 and 16. We also establish their explicit evaluations

Modified planting geometry and fertilizer rate on productivity of corn (Zea mays L.) in Vertisols

A field experiment was conducted at Raichur, Karnataka with an objective to find out production potential of grain corn planted in clumps and rate of fertilizer application. Design followed was split plot and repeated thrice with rate of fertilizer application as main factor and planting geometry as sub factor. Treatments consists of planting corn at 2, 3, 4 seeds/hill compared with single seeds/hill (60 cm x 20 cm) and farmers practice uneven spacing. In clumped plants inter row spacing is similar (60 cm) and intra row distance is differ to maintain uniform plant density (83,333 plants/ha) in each treatment. Recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) was applied in 2 splits and 150% RDF in 3 splits. Results revealed that planting 2 seeds /hill at 60 cm x 40 cm recorded significantly higher yield, economics of corn as compared to 3 and 4 seeds/hill and farmers practice. As increased plant population per hill maintains higher soil moisture at 75 days after planting (7.5-9.4%) and lower dry matter per plant at harvest (236.3 to 185.5 g) as compared to conventional planting. Application of higher (150%) fertilizers in 3 splits recorded higher dry matter production, grain yield, and economic returns over RDF. This may be useful strategy for corn productivity enhancement by clump planting with higher fertilizer rate

Evaluation of fungal pathogens, Fusarium semitectum Berk. and Ravenel and Hirsutella thompsonii Fisher against red spider mite, Tetranychus neocaledoni-cus (Andre) of okra under laboratory and greenhouse conditions

Efficacy of fungal pathogens, Fusarium semitectum Berk. and Ravenel and Hirsutella thompsonii Fisher was evaluated against red spider mite, Tetranychus neocaledonicus (Andre) of okra under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Among the treatments evaluated under laboratory conditions, the highest mortality of 78.20 and 88.34 percent adults and immatures, respectively was recorded at 2.10 x 109 spores per ml of F. semitectum, whereas it was 82.05 and 92.31 per cent adults and immatures, respectively in case of H. thompsonii at 4.60 x 108 spores per ml. Among the twelve treatments evaluated under greenhouse conditions, H. thompsonii 4.60 x 108 spores per ml, F. semitectum 2.10 x 109 spores per ml + H. thompsonii 4.60 x 108 spores per ml, H. thompsonii 4.60 x 108 spores per ml + dicofol 0.025% and F. semitectum 2.10 x 109 spores per ml + H. thompsonii 4.60 x 108 spores per ml + dicofol 0.025% were found to be on par with each other with a cumulative percent mortality of 81.20, 81.48, 81.21 and 82.59 percent, respectively. By testing the field efficacy of F. semitectum and H. thompsonii against T. neocaledonicus, these fungal pathogens can be used as potential biocontrol agents for the sustainable management of mites on okra. Hence the present study evaluates the potentiality of F. semitectum for the management of T. neocaledonicus by comparing with the well-known acaricidal fungus, H. thompsonii

Kinetics and cellular site of glycolipid loading control

CD1d-restricted natural killer T cells (NKT cells) possess a wide range of effector and regulatory activities that are related to their ability to secrete both T helper 1 (Th1) cell- and Th2 cell-type cytokines. We analyzed presentation of NKT cell activating α galactosylceramide (αGalCer) analogs that give predominantly Th2 cell-type cytokine responses to determine how ligand structure controls the outcome of NKT cell activation. Using a monoclonal antibody specific for αGalCer-CD1d complexes to visualize and quantitate glycolipid presentation, we found that Th2 cell-type cytokinebiasing ligands were characterized by rapid and direct loading of cell-surface CD1d proteins. Complexes formed by association of these Th2 cell-type cytokine-biasing αGalCer analogs with CD1d showed a distinctive exclusion from ganglioside-enriched, detergent-resistant plasma membrane microdomains of antigen-presenting cells. These findings help to explain how subtle alterations in glycolipid ligand structure can control the balance of proinflammatory and antiinflammatory activities of NKT cells

On some new modular equations of degree 9 and their applications

In this paper, we establish several new modular equations of degree 9 using Ramanujan's modular equations. We also establish several new general formulas to compute the values for r 9,n and râ² 9. As an application, we establish explicit evaluations of Ramanujan's remarkable product of theta-functions

Razvoj in vitro preantralnih folikula u uzgoju s kumulusnim ili granuloznim stanicama.

Low reproductive effifi ciency in buffalo limits the number of offspring produced during lifespan and thus results in under-exploitation of the superior female genetic material. In vitro production of transferable embryos is a method used to overcome such limitation. Developing a culture system for preantral follicles has important biotechnological implications, due to its potential for producing large number of oocytes for in vitro embryo production. Hence, the effect of the co-culture of buffalo preantral follicles with dispersed somatic cells, like cumulus cells and granulosa cells and their monolayers, was investigated in the present study. Large preantral follicles were isolated from trypsin (1%) digested ovarian cortical slices. Cumulus and granulosa cell monolayers were prepared by culturing cells until their conflfl uency preantral follicles were co-cultured with dispersed cumulus cells (group 1), the monolayers of cumulus cells (group 2), dispersed granulosa cells (group 3) or the monolayers of granulosa cells (group 4). Large preantral follicles showed signififi cantly higher size, growth rate and survivability when co-cultured with somatic cells dispersed in the medium, as compared to those grown in a monolayer. It was concluded that dispersed somatic cells from buffalo ovarian follicles were more effective in providing support for the growth and survivability of preantral follicles in culture, compared to their monolayers in buffalo.Niska rasplodna sposobnost bivolica ograničava broj potomaka podrijetlom od jedne bivolice tijekom njezina životnoga vijeka, a time i iskorištavanje velikih mogućnosti ženskoga genetskoga materijala. Proizvodnja zametaka in vitro u svrhu prijenosa u plotkinju metoda je koja može premostiti to ograničenje. Razvoj tehnologije uzgoja preantralnih folikula od važnoga je biotehnološkog značenja zahvaljujući mogućnostima proizvodnje velikoga broja jajašaca radi proizvodnje zametaka in vitro. Stoga je istraživan učinak suuzgoja bivoljih antralnih folikula s raspršenim somatskim stanicama kao što su kumulusne i granulozne stanice i njihovim jednoslojnim kulturama. Veliki preantralni folikuli bili su izdvojeni iz komadića kore jajnika u postupku probave 1%-tnim tripsinom. Kumulusne i granulozne stanice bile su uzgajane sve dok se nisu spojile u jednom sloju. Preantralni folikuli bili su uzgajani zajedno s raspršenim kumulusnim stanicama (skupina 1), kumulusnim stanicama uzgojenima u jednom sloju (skupina 2), raspršenim granuloznim stanicama (skupina 3) i granuloznim stanicama uzgojenima u jednom sloju (skupina 4). Veliki preantralni folikuli bili su značajno veći, brže su rasli i duže preživljavali u suuzgoju sa somatskim stanicama raspršenima u hranjivoj tekućini nego u suuzgoju sa stanicama naraslima u jednom sloju. Zaključeno je da su raspršene somatske stanice podrijetlom od jajničnoga folikula bivolice bile učinkovitija podloga za rast i preživljavanje preantralnih folikula od uzgojenih u jednom sloju

Scenario Based Study of On-demand reactive routing protocol for IEEE-802.11 and 802.15.4 standards

Routing data from source to destination is hard in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANET) due to the mobility of the network elements and lack of central administration. The main method for evaluating the performance of MANETs is simulation. In this paper performance of Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) reactive routing protocol is studied by considering IEEE 802.11 and IEEE 802.15.4 standards. Metrics like average end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio, total bytes received and throughput are considered for investigating simulation scenario by varying network size with 10 mps node mobility. Also simulation has been carried out by varying mobility for scenario with 50 nodes

Effect of biovita granules and liquid on growth and yield of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

A study was conducted on effect of biovita granules and liquid on growth and yield of cotton during Kharif 2014 and 2015 in deep black soil at ARS, Dhadesugr, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka. Pooled data revealed that, cotton yield and green biomass yield were significantly (p=0.05) higher in the treatment with the application of biovita granule at 12.5 kg per hectare at one month after sowing followed by first spray of biovita liquid at 500 ml per hectare at square formation followed by second spray of biovita liquid at 750 ml per hectare at flowering and followed by third spray of biovita liquid at 750 ml per hectare at boll formation (1450 kg/ha and 1463 g/plant, respectively) and which was on par with the application of biovita granule at 10.0 kg per hectare at one month after sowing followed by first spray of biovita liquid at 500 ml per hectare at square formation followed by second spray of biovita liquid at 750 ml per hectare at flowering and followed by third spray of biovita liquid at 750 ml per hectare at boll formation (1377 kg/ha and 1439 g/plant, respectively). Whereas, application of only recommend-ed dose of fertilizer recorded significantly less cotton and green biomass yield compared to other treatments. The average per cent of increase in yield in biovita applied treatments (T1 to T8) over the no application of biovita treat-ment (T9) was 7.13 %