A Phylum-Level Phylogenetic Classification of Zygomycete Fungi Based on Genome-Scale Data

Zygomycete fungi were classified as a single phylum, Zygomycota, based on sexual reproduction by zygospores, frequent asexual reproduction by sporangia, absence of multicellular sporocarps, and production of coenocytic hyphae, all with some exceptions. Molecular phylogenies based on one or a few genes did not support themonophyly of the phylum, however, and the phylum was subsequently abandoned. Here we present phylogenetic analyses of a genome-scale data set for 46 taxa, including 25 zygomycetes and 192 proteins, and we demonstrate that zygomycetes comprise two major clades that form a paraphyletic grade. A formal phylogenetic classification is proposed herein and includes two phyla, six subphyla, four classes and 16 orders. On the basis of these results, the phyla Mucoromycota and Zoopagomycota are circumscribed. Zoopagomycota comprises Entomophtoromycotina, Kickxellomycotina and Zoopagomycotina; it constitutes the earliest diverging lineage of zygomycetes and contains species that are primarily parasites and pathogens of small animals (e.g. amoeba, insects, etc.) and other fungi, i.e. mycoparasites. Mucoromycota comprises Glomeromycotina, Mortierellomycotina, and Mucoromycotina and is sister to Dikarya. It is the more derived clade of zygomycetes and mainly consists of mycorrhizal fungi, root endophytes, and decomposers of plant material. Evolution of trophic modes, morphology, and analysis of genome-scale data are discussed

Upacara Mane'e pada Masyarakat Kakorotan Kecamatan Nanusa Kabupaten Kepulauan Talaud

The background of this study was to determine and describe one of the cultural heritage of traditional fishing carried out in the village Kakorotan Sub Nanusa district Talaud islands known as the ceremony mane'e, mane'e tradition in society Kakorotan a unique culture and a social event that contains the values for the benefit of society. This study aims to provide information relating to the implementation of the traditional ceremony mane'e ranging from initial preparation to the summit ceremony as well as the benefits the ceremony on people's lives, this study using a qualitative descriptive study to describe the cultural, social groups in the ceremony mane'e. Sources of data obtained from the village government, traditional leaders, religious leaders, and local communities as well as through photographs and video footage of traditional ceremonies mane'e implementation, data were collected through observation, interviews and documentation study. This study concluded that the implementation mane'e ceremony begins with a period of abstinence or e'ha for 1 year both on land and at sea, about three months before the ceremony village leaders, indigenous, religious ceremonies to invoke the protection of a brief thanksgiving to the Creator in order to be given the smoothness, safety, and the results at the time of the ceremony. After that the measures will be implemented is marra'ca pundangi, mangolom par'ra, mattuda tampa pane'can, mamabi'u sam'mi, mamotto'u sam'mi, manganu ina, ina,, matahia manar'maalama This research can be used as a reference for the community and the government in preserving regional cultures, especially the traditional ceremony in public Kakorotan Talaud Islands

Observation of Surface-Avoiding Waves: A New Class of Extended States in Periodic Media

Coherent time-domain optical experiments on GaAs-AlAs superlattices reveal the exis-tence of an unusually long-lived acoustic mode at ~ 0.6 THz, which couples weakly to the environment by evading the sample boundaries. Classical as well as quantum states that steer clear of surfaces are generally shown to occur in the spectrum of periodic struc-tures, for most boundary conditions. These surface-avoiding waves are associated with frequencies outside forbidden gaps and wavevectors in the vicinity of the center and edge of the Brillouin zone. Possible consequences for surface science and resonant cavity ap-plications are discussed.Comment: 16 pages, 3 figure

Catalytic hollow fiber membranes prepared using layer-by-layer adsorption of polyelectrolytes and metal nanoparticles

Immobilization of metalnanoparticles in hollowfibermembranes via alternating adsorption of polyelectrolytes and negatively charged Au nanoparticles yields catalytic reactors with high surface areas. SEM images show that this technique deposits a high density of unaggregated metalnanoparticles both on the surfaces and in the pores of the hollowfibers. Catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol with NaBH4, which can be easily monitored by UV–vis spectrophotometry, demonstrates that the nanoparticles in the hollowfibermembrane are highly catalytically active. In a single pass through the membrane, >99% of the 4-nitrophenol is reduced to 4-aminophenol, but this conversion decreases over time. The conversion decline may stem from catalyst fouling caused by by-products of 4-aminophenol oxidation

Evidence of very low metallicity and high ionization state in a strongly lensed, star-forming dwarf galaxy at z=3.417

We investigate the gas-phase metallicity and Lyman Continuum (LyC) escape fraction of a strongly gravitationally lensed, extreme emission-line galaxy at z=3.417, J1000+0221S, recently discovered by the CANDELS team. We derive ionization and metallicity sensitive emission-line ratios from H+K band LBT/LUCI medium resolution spectroscopy. J1000+0221S shows high ionization conditions, as evidenced by its enhanced [OIII]/[OII] and [OIII]/Hbeta ratios. Consistently, strong-line methods based on the available line ratios suggest that J1000+0221S is an extremely metal-poor galaxy, with a metallicity of 12+log(O/H) < 7.44 (< 5% solar), placing it among the most metal-poor star-forming galaxies at z > 3 discovered so far. In combination with its low stellar mass (2x10^8 Msun) and high star formation rate (5 Msun/yr), the metallicity of J1000+0221S is consistent with the extrapolation to low masses of the mass-metallicity relation traced by Lyman-break galaxies at z > 3, but it is 0.55 dex lower than predicted by the fundamental metallicity relation at z < 2.5. These observations suggest the picture of a rapidly growing galaxy, possibly fed by the massive accretion of pristine gas. Additionally, deep LBT/LBC in the UGR bands are used to derive a limit to the LyC escape fraction, thus allowing us to explore for the first time the regime of sub-L* galaxies at z > 3. We find a 1sigma upper limit to the escape fraction of 23%, which adds a new observational constraint to recent theoretical models predicting that sub-L* galaxies at high-z have high escape fractions and thus are the responsible for the reioization of the Universe.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figures and 1 table. Accepted for publication in ApJ Letter

Konjungsi Bahasa Inggris Dan Bahasa Banggai (Suatu Analisis Kontrastif)

This research entitled “Conjunction in English and Banggai Language (A Contrastive Analysis)” is an attempt to contrast conjunction in both languages in terms of form, function, and meaning in order to find out the similarities and differences between English and Banggai language. The problems of this research are what are the forms, functions, and meanings of conjunctions in English and Banggai language and to find out the similarities and differences between them. The purpose of this study is to identify, classify, and describe the forms, functions, and meanings of conjunctions in English and Banggai language and to analyze the differences and similarities of conjunctions in these two languages. The method of this study is descriptive method. Theories that used are Aarts and Aarts (1982), John and Yates (1982), and Lado (1972). Investigation has been done through the library and field research. The English data has been collected from some English grammatical books, linguistic books, and from internet whereas the Banggai data has been collected from the native informant speakers and the Bible written in Banggai language. The result shows that English and Banggai language have similarities and differences in forms and functions. In terms of form there is complex conjunction in English whereas in the Banggai language this case just found one conjunction based on the data obtained. In terms of function English and Banggai has two main functions : coordinating conjunctions that connect word, phrase, clause and sentences are equivalent and subordinating conjunctions to link clauses and sentences are not equivalent, as well as the Banggai language also has that functions. In terms of meaning both English and Banggai language have similarities