Review the performance of brokerage firms and their role on increasing investment trust and the degree of stock liquidity

The main goal of present study is to review the performance of brokerage firms and their role on increasing investment trust and stock liquidity degree, in this regard, the role of  brokerage firms is studied on increasing investors’ trust and stock liquidity degree by utilization of four independent variables (providing general and specific services, customer orientation, using updated technologies and using standards and managerial forms). The population is the brokerage firms in Tehran stock Exchange until end of year 2012, 107 brokerage firms in Khorasan province have been studied as samples. Tools for data collection were a questionnaire made by the researcher analyzed through SPSS software. The results indicated positive and significant relation among research  variables.Key words: the performance of brokerage firms, investment trust, stock liquidity degree

Stressed out symbiotes:hypotheses for the influence of abiotic stress on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Abiotic stress is a widespread threat to both plant and soil communities. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can alleviate effects of abiotic stress by improving host plant stress tolerance, but the direct effects of abiotic stress on AM fungi are less well understood. We propose two hypotheses predicting how AM fungi will respond to abiotic stress. The stress exclusion hypothesis predicts that AM fungal abundance and diversity will decrease with persistent abiotic stress. The mycorrhizal stress adaptation hypothesis predicts that AM fungi will evolve in response to abiotic stress to maintain their fitness. We conclude that abiotic stress can have effects on AM fungi independent of the effects on the host plant. AM fungal communities will change in composition in response to abiotic stress, which may mean the loss of important individual species. This could alter feedbacks to the plant community and beyond. AM fungi will adapt to abiotic stress independent of their host plant. The adaptation of AM fungi to abiotic stress should allow the maintenance of the plant-AM fungal mutualism in the face of changing climates. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL: The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00442-016-3673-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users

Compactação do solo e macronutrientes primários na Brachiaria brizantha cv. Piatã e Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça

Os macronutrientes primários possuem papel relevante na adubação de forrageiras, em função da sua participação no custo de produção, razão pela qual se objetivou avaliar os efeitos da compactação na concentração de macronutrientes primários em folhas diagnósticas dos capins Piatã e Mombaça. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação, com delineamento inteiramente casualizado, composto de oito tratamentos e três repetições, em esquema fatorial 2x4, com duas gramíneas (capim-piatã e capim-mombaça) e de quatro densidades do solo (1,0; 1,2; 1,4 e 1,6 Mg m-3). Dois cortes foram realizados, o primeiro aos 42 dias após o desbaste e o segundo 46 dias após o primeiro corte. No primeiro período de crescimento das gramíneas forrageiras a compactação do solo interfere na absorção de nitrogênio e fósforo enquanto no segundo período de crescimento ocorre limitação na absorção de nitrogênio e potássio. O nitrogênio é o macronutriente primário mais limitado pela compactação do solo.The primary macronutrients have an important role in the forage fertilization, depending on their contribution to the production cost. This paper aimed to evaluate the effects of soil compaction on the concentration of primary macronutrients present in diagnostic leaves of Piatã and Mombaça grasses. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse with a randomized statistical design, consisting of eight treatments and three replications in 2 x 4, factorial scheme, with two grases (Piatã grass and Mombaça) and four soil densities (1.0, 1.2 , 1.4 and 1.6 Mg m-3). Two harvest of shoots were made, the first 42 days after the plant thinning, and the second 46 days after the first cutting. In the first growing period, the soil compaction interfere with the absorption of nitrogen and phosphorus, while in the second growing period there is a limitation in the absorption of nitrogen and potassium. Nitrogen is the primary macronutrient most limited by soil compaction