Akhmediev breathers, Ma solitons and general breathers from rogue waves: A case study in Manakov system

We present explicit forms of general breather (GB), Akhmediev breather (AB), Ma soliton (MS) and rogue wave (RW) solutions of the two component nonlinear Schr\"{o}dinger (NLS) equation, namely Manakov equation. We derive these solutions through two different routes. In the forward route we first construct a suitable periodic envelope soliton solution to this model from which we derive GB, AB, MS and RW solutions. We then consider the RW solution as the starting point and derive AB, MS and GB in the reverse direction. The second approach has not been illustrated so far for the two component NLS equation. Our results show that the above rational solutions of the Manakov system can be derived from the standard scalar nonlinear Schr\"{o}dinger equation with a modified nonlinearity parameter. Through this two way approach we establish a broader understanding of these rational solutions which will be of interest in a variety of situations.Comment: 11 pages, 4 figure

Diversity in Shareholder Protection in Common Law Countries

Aktionär, Anlegerschutz, Common Law, Shareholders, Investor protection

Ab initio Wannier-function-based many-body approach to Born charge of crystalline insulators

In this paper we present an approach aimed at performing many-body calculations of Born-effective charges of crystalline insulators, by including the electron-correlation effects. The scheme is implemented entirely in the real space, using Wannier-functions as single-particle orbitals. Correlation effects are computed by including virtual excitations from the Hartree-Fock mean field, and the excitations are organized as per a Bethe-Goldstone-like many-body hierarchy. The results of our calculations suggest that the approach presented here is promising.Comment: 5 pages, to appear in Phys. Rev. B. (Rapid Comm., Dec 15, 2004

Diagnostic accuracy of TB-LAMP for pulmonary tuberculosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND:The need for a rapid, molecular test to diagnose tuberculosis (TB) has prompted exploration of TB-LAMP (Eiken; Tokyo, Japan) for use in resource-limited settings. We conducted a systematic review to assess the accuracy of TB-LAMP as a diagnostic test for pulmonary TB. METHODS:We analyzed individual-level data for eligible patients from all studies of TB-LAMP conducted between Jan 2012 and October 2015 to compare the diagnostic accuracy of TB-LAMP with that of smear microscopy and Xpert MTB/RIF® using 3 reference standards of varying stringency. Pooled sensitivity and specificity and pooled differences in sensitivity and specificity were estimated using random effects meta-analysis. Study quality was evaluated using QUADAS-2. RESULTS:Four thousand seven hundred sixty individuals across 13 studies met eligibility criteria. Methodological quality was judged to be low for all studies. TB-LAMP had higher sensitivity than sputum smear microscopy (pooled sensitivity difference + 13·2, 95% CI 4·5-21·9%) and similar sensitivity to Xpert MTB/RIF (pooled sensitivity difference - 2·5, 95% CI -8·0 to + 2·9) using the most stringent reference standard available. Specificity of TB-LAMP was similar to that of sputum smear microscopy (pooled specificity difference - 1·8, 95% CI -3·8 to + 0·2) and Xpert MTB/RIF (pooled specificity difference 0·5, 95% CI -0·9 to + 1·8). CONCLUSIONS:From the perspective of diagnostic accuracy, TB-LAMP may be considered as an alternative test for sputum smear microscopy. Additional factors such as cost, feasibility, and acceptability in settings that continue to rely on sputum smear microscopy should be considered when deciding to adopt this technology. Xpert MTB/RIF should continue to be preferred in settings where resource and infrastructure requirements are adequate and where HIV co-infection or drug-resistance is of concern