Avaliação da adesão do paciente ao tratamento de doenças crônicas: diferenciando as abordagens epidemiológica e clínica

This review discusses the concepts and methods for assessing patient adherence to treatment, as applied to both epidemiological and clinical approaches within real health care practices. For the epidemiological approach, the assessment must be as accurate as possible. Self-reported questionnaires are the most feasible option in most circumstances, but most demonstrate low sensitivity combined with high specificity. We suggest that self-reported outcomes, where feasible, can increase the sensitivity for non-adherence of these questionnaires. In the clinical approach an accurate distinction between adherents and non-adherents is less useful. For the health provider, it is more important to be aware of the particular situation that each patient is currently experiencing with his/her treatment. Self-reported questionnaires applied in clinical settings can help the health provider to form an objective opinion. In any event, the patient-provider dialogue is still the best approach to assess patient adherence as well as to deliver good care.Esta revisão discute conceitos e métodos de avaliação da adesão do paciente ao tratamento de saúde, aplicáveis para a abordagem epidemiológica e para a abordagem clínica. Na abordagem epidemiológica, a avaliação deve ter a melhor acurácia possível. Os questionários de auto-relato são a opção mais viável na maioria dos contextos. Entretanto, a maior parte dos questionários apresenta baixa sensibilidade aliada a alta especificidade. Sugere-se que o desfecho clínico auto-relatado, quando factível, é capaz de aumentar a sensibilidade desses questionários. Para a abordagem clínica, uma acurada discriminação entre aderentes e não aderentes é pouco útil. Para o profissional de saúde, é mais importante conhecer a situação particular pela qual o paciente está, no momento, passando com seu tratamento. Questionários de auto-relato aplicados no contexto clínico podem auxiliar a melhorar a objetividade da opinião do profissional. Em qualquer caso, contudo, o diálogo paciente-profissional é ainda a melhor abordagem para avaliar a adesão, assim como para prover um bom cuidado

Facilitation and Competition among Invasive Plants: A Field Experiment with Alligatorweed and Water Hyacinth

Ecosystems that are heavily invaded by an exotic species often contain abundant populations of other invasive species. This may reflect shared responses to a common factor, but may also reflect positive interactions among these exotic species. Armand Bayou (Pasadena, TX) is one such ecosystem where multiple species of invasive aquatic plants are common. We used this system to investigate whether presence of one exotic species made subsequent invasions by other exotic species more likely, less likely, or if it had no effect. We performed an experiment in which we selectively removed exotic rooted and/or floating aquatic plant species and tracked subsequent colonization and growth of native and invasive species. This allowed us to quantify how presence or absence of one plant functional group influenced the likelihood of successful invasion by members of the other functional group. We found that presence of alligatorweed (rooted plant) decreased establishment of new water hyacinth (free-floating plant) patches but increased growth of hyacinth in established patches, with an overall net positive effect on success of water hyacinth. Water hyacinth presence had no effect on establishment of alligatorweed but decreased growth of existing alligatorweed patches, with an overall net negative effect on success of alligatorweed. Moreover, observational data showed positive correlations between hyacinth and alligatorweed with hyacinth, on average, more abundant. The negative effect of hyacinth on alligatorweed growth implies competition, not strong mutual facilitation (invasional meltdown), is occurring in this system. Removal of hyacinth may increase alligatorweed invasion through release from competition. However, removal of alligatorweed may have more complex effects on hyacinth patch dynamics because there were strong opposing effects on establishment versus growth. The mix of positive and negative interactions between floating and rooted aquatic plants may influence local population dynamics of each group and thus overall invasion pressure in this watershed

A PREVIEW-New Zealand Sub-Study

As obesity develops, metabolic changes increase the risk of non-communicable diseases such as type 2 diabetes (T2D). Weight loss is crucial for improving health in T2D and cardiometabolic conditions. However, weight loss rates vary between individuals, even with identical diets or energy restrictions, highlighting the need to identify markers or predictors of weight loss success to enhance intervention outcomes. Using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy-based metabolomics, we investigated the change in serum polar metabolites in 28 women with overweight or obesity and prediabetes who completed an 8-week low-energy diet (LED) as part of the PREVIEW (PREVention of diabetes through lifestyle intervention and population studies in Europe and around the World) clinical trial. We aimed to characterize the metabolic shift in substrate oxidation under fixed energy intake (~4 MJ/day) and its relation to weight loss success. Nine of the thirty-four serum metabolites identified significantly changed during the LED phase: 3-hydroxybutyrate, O-acetylcarnitine, 2-hydroxybutyrate, mannose, dimethyl sulfone and isobutyrate increased, whilst choline, creatine and tyrosine decreased. These results confirmed a shift towards lipid oxidation, but no metabolites predicted the response to the LED-induced weight loss. Further studies in larger populations are required to validate these metabolites as biomarkers of diet exposure.publishersversionpublishe

Changes in Serum Metabolome Following Low-Energy Diet-Induced Weight Loss in Women with Overweight and Prediabetes: A PREVIEW-New Zealand Sub-Study

As obesity develops, metabolic changes increase the risk of non-communicable diseases such as type 2 diabetes (T2D). Weight loss is crucial for improving health in T2D and cardiometabolic conditions. However, weight loss rates vary between individuals, even with identical diets or energy restrictions, highlighting the need to identify markers or predictors of weight loss success to enhance intervention outcomes. Using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy-based metabolomics, we investigated the change in serum polar metabolites in 28 women with overweight or obesity and prediabetes who completed an 8-week low-energy diet (LED) as part of the PREVIEW (PREVention of diabetes through lifestyle intervention and population studies in Europe and around the World) clinical trial. We aimed to characterize the metabolic shift in substrate oxidation under fixed energy intake (~4 MJ/day) and its relation to weight loss success. Nine of the thirty-four serum metabolites identified significantly changed during the LED phase: 3-hydroxybutyrate, O-acetylcarnitine, 2-hydroxybutyrate, mannose, dimethyl sulfone and isobutyrate increased, whilst choline, creatine and tyrosine decreased. These results confirmed a shift towards lipid oxidation, but no metabolites predicted the response to the LED-induced weight loss. Further studies in larger populations are required to validate these metabolites as biomarkers of diet exposure.fals

Hopanoides no Miocénico da sondagem de Belverde (Península de Setúbal)

[RESUMO] Neste estudo foram identificados por GC-MS seis hopanoides em amostras de sedimentos recolhidos na sondagem de Belverde, em ambientes marinhos de diferentes andares do Miocénico. A análise quantitativa preliminar, sugere uma diminuição da abundância dos bio-hopanoides com a profundidade de colheita dos sedimentos, o que pode ser interpretado em termos de decaimento diagenético relacionado com o input bacteriano. [ABSTRACT] In  the  present  research,  six  hopanoids  were  identified  by  GC-MS  from  samples  of  sediments  collected  in  the  Miocene  of  the  Belverde  borehole.  Preliminary  quantitative  analysis  suggests  a  downcore  concentration  of  biohopanoids, as a result of a diagenetic decline related to the bacterial input.  (24) (PDF) Hopanoides no Miocénico da sondagem de Belverde (Península de Setúbal). Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249656092_Hopanoides_no_Miocenico_da_sondagem_de_Belverde_Peninsula_de_Setubal [accessed Dec 03 2019].publishersversionpublishe

Avaliação de serviços de assistência ambulatorial em aids, Brasil: estudo comparativo 2001/2007

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os serviços do Sistema Único de Saúde brasileiro de assistência ambulatorial a adultos vivendo com aids em 2007 e comparar com a avaliação de 2001. MÉTODOS: Os 636 serviços cadastrados no Ministério da Saúde em 2007 foram convidados a responder a um questionário previamente validado (Questionário Qualiaids) com 107 questões de múltipla escolha sobre a organização da assistência prestada. Analisaram-se as frequências das respostas de 2007 comparando-as com as obtidas em 2001 na forma de variação percentual (VP). RESULTADOS: Responderam o questionário 504 (79,2%) serviços. Cerca de 100,0% dos respondentes relataram ter pelo menos um médico, suprimento sem falhas de antirretrovirais e de exames CD4 e carga viral. Vários aspectos mostraram melhor desempenho em 2007 comparados a 2001: registro de número de faltas à consulta médica (de 18,3 para 27,0%, VP: 47,5%), agendamento de consulta em menos de 15 dias no início da terapia antirretroviral (de 55,3 para 66,2%, VP: 19,7%) e participação organizada do usuário (de 5,9 para 16,7%, VP: 183,1%). Houve manutenção de dificuldades: pequena variação na disponibilidade de exames especializados em até 15 dias, como endoscopia (31,9 para 34,5%, VP: 8,1%), e a piora de indicadores como tempo ideal de acesso a consultas especializadas (55,9 para 34,5% em cardiologia, VP negativa de 38,3%). O tempo médio despendido nas consultas médicas de seguimento manteve-se baixo: 15 minutos ou menos (52,5 para 49,5%, VP negativa de 5,8%). CONCLUSÕES: A avaliação de 2007 mostrou que os serviços contam com os recursos essenciais para a assistência ambulatorial. Houve melhoras em muitos aspectos em relação a 2001, mas persistem desafios. Pouco tempo dedicado à consulta médica pode estar vinculado ao número insuficiente de médicos e/ou à baixa capacidade de escuta e diálogo. A acessibilidade prejudicada a consultas especializadas mostra a dificuldade das infraestruturas locais do Sistema Único de Saúde.OBJETIVO: Evaluar los servicios del Sistema Único de Salud brasileño de asistencia ambulatoria a adultos viviendo con sida en 2007 y comparar con la evaluación de 2001. MÉTODOS: Los 636 servicios catastrados en el Ministerio de la Salud en 2007 fueron invitados a responder un cuestionario previamente validado (Cuestionario Qualiaids) con 107 preguntas de selección múltiple sobre la organización de la asistencia prestada. Se analizaron las frecuencias de las respuestas de 2007 comparándolas con las obtenidas en 2001 en la forma de variación porcentual (VP). RESULTADOS: Respondieron el cuestionario 504 (79,2%) servicios. Cerca de 100,0% de los encuestados relataron tener al menos un médico, suministro sin fallas de antirretrovirales y de exámenes CD4 y carga viral. Varios aspectos mostraron mejor desempeño en 2007 al compararse con 2001: registro de número de faltas a la consulta médica (de 18,3 a 27,0%, VP: 47,5%), conseguir consulta en menos de 15 días en el inicio de la terapia antirretroviral (de 55,3 a 66,2%, VP: 19,7%) y participación organizada del usuario (de 5,9 a 16,7%, VP: 183,1%). Se mantuvieron algunas dificultades: pequeña variación en la disponibilidad de exámenes especializados en hasta 15 días, como endoscopia (31,9 a 34,5%, VP: 8,1%) y empeoraron indicadores como tiempo ideal de acceso a consultas especializadas (55,9 a 34,5% en cardiología, VP negativa de 38,3%). El tiempo promedio empleado en las consultas médicas de seguimiento se mantuvo bajo: 15 minutos o menos (52,5 a 49,5%, VP negativa de 5,8%). CONCLUSIONES: La evaluación de 2007 mostró que los servicios cuentan con los recursos esenciales para la asistencia ambulatoria. Hubo mejorías en muchos aspectos con relación a 2001, pero persisten desafíos. Poco tiempo dedicado a la consulta médica puede estar vinculado al número insuficiente de médicos y/o a la baja capacidad de atención y diálogo. El acceso perjudicado a consultas especializadas muestra la dificultad de las infraestructuras locales del Sistema Único de Salud.OBJECTIVE: To assess Brazilian Unified Health System outpatient services delivering care to adults living with AIDS in 2007 and to compare with the assessment conducted in 2001. METHODS: The 636 health services registered in the Ministry of Health in 2007 were invited to respond to a previously validated questionnaire (Qualiaids Questionnaire) with 107 multiple-choice questions about the organization of care delivery. It analyzed the frequencies of responses to the 2007 questionnaire compared with those found in that of 2001 through percent variation (PV). RESULTS: 504 (79.2%) of the services responded to the questionnaire. Almost 100.0% of the respondents reported having essential resources for outpatient care: having at least one doctor, sufficient supplies of antiretroviral drugs, CD4 and viral load tests. Many aspects displayed improvement in 2007 compared to 2001: registry of missed medical appointments (from 18.3 to 27.0%, PV: 47.5%), follow-up appointment within 15 days of starting antiretroviral treatment (from 55.3 to 66.2%, PV: 19.7%) and user's organized participation (from 5.9 to 16.7%, PV: 183.1%). However, some difficulties remained: little change in the availability of specialized exams, such as endoscopy, within 15 days, (31.9 to 34.5%, PV: 8.1%) and decreases in indicators such as optimal time access to specialized appointments (55.9 to 34.5% in cardiology, negative PV: 38.3%). Mean time spent in follow-up medical appointments remained low: about 15 minutes (52.5 to 49.5%, negative PV: 5.8%). CONCLUSIONS: The 2007 assessment revealed that services have essential resources for ambulatory assistance. There was some improvement in many aspects compared to 2001, although some challenges still remain. Little time dedicated to medical appointments may be linked to insufficient number of doctors and/or due to reduced capacity of listening and dialogue. Impaired access to specialized appointments reveals the difficulty local Brazilian Unified Health System facilities have regarding infrastructure.Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Departamento de Medicina PreventivaMinistério da Saúde Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde Departamento de DST, Aids e Hepatites ViraisSecretaria Estadual de Saúde Centro de Referência e Treinamento em DST/AidsUniversidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu Departamento de Saúde PúblicaUniversidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL) Departamento de Saúde Coletiva Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde ColetivaUniversidade Federal do Maranhão Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde ColetivaUniversidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Área Medicina PreventivaUniversidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu Departamento de Saúde Públic