Genomic assays in breast cancer: Issues yet to settle?

&lt;p&gt;Breast cancer today has emerged as the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in women world wide, accounting for 1 in 4 of every cancer diagnosed in women today. It is the leading cause of cancer death in women in the developing world and second leading cause of cancer (following lung cancer) in the developed world. Introduction of novel high through-output gene expression profiling technologies such as Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) and Genome wide association studies (GWAS) has led to the genetic profiling of breast cancer and to the development of genomic assays that ushered in an paradigm shift in the management of breast cancer from single individual variable to multivariate prediction models encompassing the tumors gross, microscopic and genetic variables. Oncotype DX, MammaPrint assay, MammoStrat assay, &amp;amp; Prosigna kit are some of the commercially available assays in various stages of validation. But various studies have reported discordance in risk stratification when the different tests is applied to the same patient cohort leading to a therapeutic quagmire. Tumor genetic signatures are not concordant but highly variable with each carrying its own unique set of genes dictating its growth, response to chemotherapy and risk of recurrence. Similarly triple negative breast cancers (TNBC), risk of late recurrence (&amp;gt; 5 years), validity of these over different population groups and quality control are some of the other issues which are yet to settle.&lt;/p&gt;</jats:p

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Not AvailableGolden mahseer, Tor putitora (Hamilton) and snow trout, Schizothorax richardsonii (Gray) were fed with diet containing chitin at 0 and 2 % level for a period of eight weeks. The control diet (without chitin) and the experimental diet (with 2 % chitin) were fed to triplicate groups of fishes having a mean initial body weight of 5.33 - 5.36 g for golden mahseer and 11.81 - 11.88 g for snow trout. In golden mahseer, net weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and percentage survival were not significantly (p>0.05) different in fish fed with control and chitin supplemented diets. However, in snow trout, net weight gain, SGR and FCR were significantly (p<0.05) better in fish fed with chitin supplemented diet compared to those maintained on control diet. These results suggest that the dietary supplementation of chitin is advantageous for snow trout growth but has no significant impact on the growth of golden mahseer.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableEffectiveness of dietary supplements on the growth performance, survival, nutri-tional efficiency, body indices and biochemical composition of deccan mahseer (Tor khudree) was evaluated in a semi-intensive culture system. The ponds were fertilized with raw cow dung and single super phosphate. Fish (1.10+0.03 g) at a stocking density of three per square meter were fed for a period of 180 days with the formulated practical diets. The test diet D1 was un-supplemented basal diet, which served as the control while in four of the test diets, D2, D3, D4 and D5, dietary supplements viz. cholicalciferol (1800 IU•kg-1), soylecithin (3.5%), thyroxine (0.05ppm) and betaine (0.5%), respectively, were added. The inclusion level of the dietary supplement was based on the best results ob-tained, in terms of growth performance, feed utilization and survival, in previous investi-gations carried out for the same fish species under laboratory conditions. Feeding soylecithin supplemented diet (D3) resulted in significantly (P<0.05) higher percentage weight gain and specific growth rate (SGR) than was observed with other diets. Survival was independent of the treatments. Feed conversion ratio (FCR), feed conversion efficiency (FCE) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were significantly better (P<0.05) in the fish fed with the diet D3 compared to fish fed with all other diets. The crude protein efficiency (CPE), crude fat efficiency (CFE) and gross energy efficiency.Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR

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Not AvailableThe effect of selected dietary supplements on the growth performance, survival, production, body composition and digestiveenzyme activity in deccan mahseer reared under pond conditions was stuided. Cholicalciferol (CC), soylecithin (SL), thyroxine(TH) and betaine (BT) were added to the basal diet (BD) as supplements at concentrations of 1800 IU kg-1, 3.5%, 0.05ppmand 0.5% respectively. After a rearing period of 180 days on experimental diets, soylecithin supplemented diet (SL) resultedin significantly higher (p0.05) from that of BD diet in the intestinal tissue of fish fed THdiet and in the liver of fish fed on CC, TH and BT diets. Soylecithin (3.5%) was found to be a better dietary supplementamong the treatments for rearing deccan mahseer.Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR

Practical consensus recommendations regarding the management of HER2 neu positive metastatic breast cancer

Metastatic breast cancer (MBC) is cancer that has spread from the breast to another part of the body or has come back in another distant location. Treatment options for MBC depend on several factors, including where the cancer has spread, the patient's overall health, and the levels of hormone receptors and HER2 in the tumour. Over-expression of HER2 is generally considered to be a negative prognostic feature because it accompanies an increase in breast cancer mortality. However, the development of agents that specifically target HER2 has improved the management of patients with these tumours.[7],[8],[9],[10] This expert group used data from published literature, practical experience and opinion of a large group of academic oncologists to arrive at these practical consensus recommendations in regards with the use of these agents and the management of HER2 positive MBC for the benefit of community oncologists

Practical consensus recommendations regarding the use of hormonal therapy in metastatic breast cancer

Metastatic breast cancer (MBC) is cancer that has spread from the breast to another part of the body or has come back in another distant location. Treatment options for MBC depend on several factors. One of these factors is the levels of hormone receptors (HRs) in the tumor. Cancers with high levels of HRs, called HR-positive, use the hormones estrogen and progesterone to grow and spread. Hormonal therapy is a type of treatment specifically for HR-positive breast cancer. This expert group used data from published literature, practical experience and opinion of a large group of academic oncologists to arrive at these practical consensus recommendations in regards with the use of hormonal therapy and the management of HR-positive MBC for the benefit of community oncologists