Experimental implementation of a NMR entanglement witness

Entanglement witnesses (EW) allow the detection of entanglement in a quantum system, from the measurement of some few observables. They do not require the complete determination of the quantum state, which is regarded as a main advantage. On this paper it is experimentally analyzed an entanglement witness recently proposed in the context of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) experiments to test it in some Bell-diagonal states. We also propose some optimal entanglement witness for Bell-diagonal states. The efficiency of the two types of EW's are compared to a measure of entanglement with tomographic cost, the generalized robustness of entanglement. It is used a GRAPE algorithm to produce an entangled state which is out of the detection region of the EW for Bell-diagonal states. Upon relaxation, the results show that there is a region in which both EW fails, whereas the generalized robustness still shows entanglement, but with the entanglement witness proposed here with a better performance

Não preferência para oviposição e alimentação por Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) em genótipos de tomateiro

Este trabalho buscou selecionar genótipos de tomateiro resistentes a Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), dos tipos não preferência para oviposição e alimentação, em testes com e sem chance de escolha. As espécies utilizadas foram Solanum lycopersicum L. (cv. Santa Clara, os híbridos: Saladete Italiano Ty Tyna, Santa Cruz Débora Ty, Salada Lumi, Saladete Italiano Andrea Victory e Santa Cruz Ty Carina Ty), S. habrochaites S. Knapp & D.M Spooner (linhagens PI 134417 e PI 134418) e S. pimpinellifolium L. (linhagens NAV 1062 e PI 126931). Nos testes de não preferência para oviposição, foram contados o número de ovos por planta às 24, 48 e 72 horas, após a liberação dos adultos. Para os testes de não preferência para alimentação, foram avaliados a atratividade das larvas pelos genótipos em cada repetição a 1, 3, 5, 10, 30, 60, 120, 360, 720 e 1440 minutos, após a liberação das larvas e massa consumida pelas larvas. Constatou-se que os genótipos de tomateiro avaliados não apresentam resistência dos tipos não preferência para oviposição. Já o genótipo PI 134417 apresenta resistência do tipo não preferência para alimentação.This study aimed to select tomato genotypes resistant to Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) due to nonpreference for oviposition and feeding, in CHOIce and no-CHOIce tests. The species used were Solanum lycopersicum L. (cv. Santa Clara, hybrids: Saladete Italian Ty Tyna, Santa Cruz Débora Ty, Salad Lumi, Saledete Italian Andrea Victory and Santa Cruz Ty Carina Ty), S. habrochaites S. Knapp & D.M Spooner (lines PI 134417 and PI 134418) and S. pimpinellifolium L. (lines NAV 1062 and PI 126931). In tests of nonpreference for oviposition the number of eggs per plant was counted at 24, 48 and 72 hours after the release of adults. For the tests of nonpreference for feeding the attractiveness of the larva to the genotypes in each replicate was assessed at 1, 3, 5, 10, 30, 60, 120, 360; 720 and 1440 minutes after the release of larvae and mass consumed by the larva. It was found that the tomato genotypes evaluated did not present nonpreference resistance for oviposition. However, the genotype PI 134417 presented nonpreference resistance for feeding.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Universidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Departamento de FitossanidadeUniversidade Estadual Paulista Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Departamento de Fitossanidad

TRY plant trait database – enhanced coverage and open access

Plant traits—the morphological, anatomical, physiological, biochemical and phenological characteristics of plants—determine how plants respond to environmental factors, affect other trophic levels, and influence ecosystem properties and their benefits and detriments to people. Plant trait data thus represent the basis for a vast area of research spanning from evolutionary biology, community and functional ecology, to biodiversity conservation, ecosystem and landscape management, restoration, biogeography and earth system modelling. Since its foundation in 2007, the TRY database of plant traits has grown continuously. It now provides unprecedented data coverage under an open access data policy and is the main plant trait database used by the research community worldwide. Increasingly, the TRY database also supports new frontiers of trait‐based plant research, including the identification of data gaps and the subsequent mobilization or measurement of new data. To support this development, in this article we evaluate the extent of the trait data compiled in TRY and analyse emerging patterns of data coverage and representativeness. Best species coverage is achieved for categorical traits—almost complete coverage for ‘plant growth form’. However, most traits relevant for ecology and vegetation modelling are characterized by continuous intraspecific variation and trait–environmental relationships. These traits have to be measured on individual plants in their respective environment. Despite unprecedented data coverage, we observe a humbling lack of completeness and representativeness of these continuous traits in many aspects. We, therefore, conclude that reducing data gaps and biases in the TRY database remains a key challenge and requires a coordinated approach to data mobilization and trait measurements. This can only be achieved in collaboration with other initiatives