El desarrollo del pensamiento evolutivo de Thomas Hunt Morgan: 1903-1916

El objetivo de este articulo es analizar si hubo cambios significativos en el pensamiento evolutivo de Morgan entre 1903 y 1916. El punto de partida de este análisis son los estudios iniciales de este científico sobre regeneración y embriología, además de los libros mencionados. Cabe resaltar que el período que analizaremos en este trabajo se caracterizó justamente por estar conformado por una serie de experimentos en el campo científico cuya finalidad era someter a prueba la selección natural

Aceptación o rechazo de las hipótesis o teorías: Un nuevo método de análisis

Generalmente los historiadores y filósofos de la ciencia proponen explicaciones para la aceptación o rechazo de una hipótesis o teoría dada por los científicos. Estas explicaciones, tanto a un nivel conceptual ("internalistas'') como a un nivel no conceptual ("externalista": sociológicas, psicológicas, etc.) pueden variar. Sin embargo, generalmente se ignora un punto que es fundamental: ¿qué es lo que significa aceptar una hipótesis o teoría? Hasta ahora, no han sido propuestos criterios que permitan determinar de una manera clara lo que es aceptación o lo que es rechazo. El objetivo de este trabajo es mostrar un método de análisis que consiga resolver este problema. El método va a ser ejemplificado a través de la discusión de la posición que adopta el naturalista inglés William Bateson (1861-1926) ante la teoría cromosómica entre 1902 y 1926

Lamarck, Darwin e o conceito de espécie

No início do século XIX, quando Jean Pierre Antaine de Monet, Chevalier de Lamarck (1744- 1829) apresentou suas idéías sobre evoluçao organica, a maioria dos naturalistas acreditava que as espécies eram fixas. Assim, de um modo geral, aceitava-se a concepçao aristotélica de que as espécies apresentavam uma forma potencial que nao pode ser modificada e que passava de pais para filhos. Georges Lépold Chrétien Frédéric Dagobert, Baron de Cuvier (1769-1832), coetaneo de Lamarck, admitía que as espécies eram fixas e estavam sujeitas a extinçao, seudo entiío produzidas novas espécies. Nesses casos, as espécies já surgiam adaptadas ao meio ambiente

Contextual Sensitivity in Grounded Theory: The Role of Pilot Studies

Grounded Theory is an established methodological approach for context specific inductive theory building. The grounded nature of the methodology refers to these specific contexts from which emergent propositions are drawn. Thus, any grounded theory study requires not only theoretical sensitivity, but also a good insight on how to design the research in the human activity systems to be studied. The lack of this insight may result in inefficient theoretical sampling or even erroneous purposeful sampling. These problems would not necessarily be critical, as it could be argued that through the elliptical process that characterizes grounded theory, remedial loops would always bring the researcher to the core of the theory. However, these elliptical remedial processes can take very long periods of time and result in catastrophic delays in research projects. As a strategy, this paper discusses, contrasts and compares the use of pilot studies in four different grounded theory projects. Each pilot brought different insights about the context, resulting in changes of focus, guidance to improve data collection instruments and informing theoretical sampling. Additionally, as all four projects were undertaken by researchers with little experience of inductive approaches in general and grounded theory in particular, the pilot studies also served the purpose of training in interviewing, relating to interviewees, memoing, constant comparison and coding. This last outcome of the pilot study was actually not planned initially, but revealed itself to be a crucial success factor in the running of the projects. The paper concludes with a theoretical proposition for the concept of contextual sensitivity and for the inclusion of the pilot study in grounded theory research designs

Transport properties of strongly correlated electrons in quantum dots using a simple circuit model

Numerical calculations are shown to reproduce the main results of recent experiments involving nonlocal spin control in nanostructures (N. J. Craig et al., Science 304, 565 (2004)). In particular, the splitting of the zero-bias-peak discovered experimentally is clearly observed in our studies. To understand these results, a simple "circuit model" is introduced and shown to provide a good qualitative description of the experiments. The main idea is that the splitting originates in a Fano anti-resonance, which is caused by having one quantum dot side-connected in relation to the current's path. This scenario provides an explanation of Craig et al.'s results that is alternative to the RKKY proposal, which is here also addressed.Comment: 5 pages, 5 figure

Diferentes "estilos" ou "personalidades" científicas: um estudo de caso

Dentro da história da ciencia é possível encontrar exemplos de diferentes "estilos" ou "personahdades" científicas. Estudiosos que vivem em urna mesma época mmtas vezes reagem de modos completamente diferentes -algumas vezes antagónicos- ao trabalho científico em geral (hipóteses, teorías ou experimentos), sejam eles feítos por eles mesmos ou por seus colegas. As razões apostas caracterizam os casos limite. Entretanto, nem sempre aparece um contraste Uio claro, existindo várias nuances entre os extremos N este trabalho descreveremos u m exemplo histórico de um caso limite, analisando as atitudes de dais dentistas que contribuíram para o desenvolvimento da chamada genética clássica o estilo rigoroso de William Bateson (1861-1926) e o estilo prático de Thomas Hunt Morgan (l866-1945)

Low-temperature saw damage gettering to improve minority carrier lifetime in multicrystalline silicon

The minority carrier lifetime in multicrystalline silicon − a material used in the majority of today's manufactured solar cells − is limited by defects within the material, including metallic impurities which are relatively mobile at low temperatures (≤700 °C). Addition of an optimised thermal process which can facilitate impurity diffusion to the saw damage at the wafer surfaces can result in permanent removal of the impurities when the saw damage is etched away. We demonstrate that this saw damage gettering is effective at 500 to 700 °C and, when combined with subsequent low-temperature processing, lifetimes are improved by a factor of more than four relative to the as-grown state. The simple method has the potential to be a low thermal budget process for the improvement of low-lifetime “red zone” wafers

Transport through quantum dots: A combined DMRG and cluster-embedding study

The numerical analysis of strongly interacting nanostructures requires powerful techniques. Recently developed methods, such as the time-dependent density matrix renormalization group (tDMRG) approach or the embedded-cluster approximation (ECA), rely on the numerical solution of clusters of finite size. For the interpretation of numerical results, it is therefore crucial to understand finite-size effects in detail. In this work, we present a careful finite-size analysis for the examples of one quantum dot, as well as three serially connected quantum dots. Depending on odd-even effects, physically quite different results may emerge from clusters that do not differ much in their size. We provide a solution to a recent controversy over results obtained with ECA for three quantum dots. In particular, using the optimum clusters discussed in this paper, the parameter range in which ECA can reliably be applied is increased, as we show for the case of three quantum dots. As a practical procedure, we propose that a comparison of results for static quantities against those of quasi-exact methods, such as the ground-state density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) method or exact diagonalization, serves to identify the optimum cluster type. In the examples studied here, we find that to observe signatures of the Kondo effect in finite systems, the best clusters involving dots and leads must have a total z-component of the spin equal to zero.Comment: 16 pages, 14 figures, revised version to appear in Eur. Phys. J. B, additional reference