Quality of the forage apparently consumed by beef calves in natural grassland under fertilization and oversown with cool season forage species

The objective of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition of the forage apparently consumed by steers in a natural grassland on region of Campanha, in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, subjected or not to different inputs: NP - natural pasture without inputs; FNP - fertilized natural pasture and INP - improved natural grassland with fertilization and over-seeded with cultivated winter species. Three Angus steers testers and a variable number of regulator animals per experimental unit were utilized in order to maintain 13 kg of DM/100 kg of live weight (LW) as forage allowance. One time at each season, hand plucking samples were performed along the daily grazing time simulating forage harvested by the animals. The collected samples after drying and grind were submitted to chemical analysis to determine the forage quality. Except in winter and spring, the values of neutral detergent fiber were higher than the critical value of 550 g/kg of DM, which could limit forage intake, demonstrating that the values of forage on offer provided (15.6; 13.7; 13.5; 15.8 kg of DM/100 kg of LW/day in summer, autumn, winter and spring, respectively) were not restrictive to intake. The oversowing of winter cultivated species or fertilization positively alter the degradable fiber content. The seasons had marked influence on the chemical composition of forage apparently consumed; positively increasing some fractions of forage chemical composition in the seasons in which native or cultivated winter species increased their participation. The forage chemical composition is the determining factor in animal performance in natural pasture

Comportamento ingestivo e desempenho de ovinos em pastagem de azevém anual (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) com diferentes massas de forragem Ingestive behaviour and performance of sheep grazing Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) pasture with different herbage masses

Objetivou-se avaliar o comportamento ingestivo e o desempenho de ovinos em pastagem de azevém anual (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) sob pastejo contínuo e com diferentes massas de forragem: baixa: 1.000 a 1.200 kg/ha MS; intermediária: 1.400 a 1.600 kg/ha MS; alta = 1.800 a 2.000 kg/ha MS. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com três tratamentos e duas repetições de área. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de regressão polinomial em função das massas de forragem observadas nas unidades experimentais: 1.136,8; 1.190,9; 1.359,2; 1.375; 1.556 e 1.739,1 kg/ha MS. Os valores de massa de lâminas foliares e de pseudocolmo, de oferta de forragem e de lâminas foliares, de altura de dossel e de pseudocolmo, de profundidade de lâminas foliares e de ganho médio diário ajustaram-se ao modelo linear de regressão, relacionando-se positivamente com a massa de forragem. Os valores de taxa de lotação e de taxa de bocados diminuíram linearmente com o aumento da massa de forragem. O consumo de forragem, os tempos de pastejo, de ruminação e de ócio, o número diário de bocados, a massa de bocado, o ganho de escore de condição corporal, o ganho de peso vivo por área e a eficiência de conversão de forragem em peso vivo foram similares entre as massas de forragem avaliadas. As amplitudes de massas de forragem avaliadas não promovem diferenças no ganho de peso vivo por hectare, pois proporcionaram similar eficiência de transformação da forragem em produto animal. O principal fator determinante do desempenho individual dos animais é a profundidade da camada de lâminas foliares.<br>The objective of this trial was to evaluate ingestive behaviour and performance of sheep grazing Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) pasture with different herbage mass (HM): low HM: 1,000 - 1,200 kg/ha of DM (LHM); medium HM: 1,400-1,600 kg/ha DM (MHM); high HM 1,800-2,000 kg/ha DM (HHM). A completely randomized design with three treatments and two replicates (paddocks) per treatment was used. Data were submitted to polynomial regression analysis in function of the actual HM observed in each experimental unit: 1,136.8, 1,190.9, 1,359.2, 1,375, 1,556, and 1,739.1 kg/ha DM. Leaf blade and pseudostem masses, forage and leaf blade allowances, sward and pseudostem heights, leaf blade depth, and average daily gain all increased linearly from LHM to HHM while the opposite was observed for stocking and bite rates. However, no HM effect was found for herbage intake, times spent grazing, ruminating and idle, amount of daily bite, bite mass, body condition score gain, body weight gain per hectare, and feed efficiency. The range of HM evaluated showed no differences in body weight gain per hectare with similar conversion efficiency of forage in animal product. The depth of leaf blade layers is the most important variable affecting sheep performance

Consumo, composição botânica e valor nutritivo da dieta de bovinos em pastos tropicais consorciados sob três taxas de lotação Consumption, botanical composition and nutritive value of the diet of cattle on mixed tropical pastures under three stocking rates

Foram avaliados o consumo, a composição botânica e o valor nutritivo da dieta de bovinos em pastagens de Brachiaria decumbens e Stylosanthes guianensis cv. Mineirão e de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu e Stylosanthes guianensis cv. Mineirão, submetidas a três taxas de lotação. Adotou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos completos casualizados com os tratamentos no esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com duas repetições. Os tratamentos das parcelas constituíram um fatorial 2x3, sendo duas gramíneas (B. decumbens e B. brizantha cv. Marandu) em consorciação com S. guianensis cv. Mineirão e três taxas de lotação (0,8; 1,2 e 1,6 UA/ha), e as subparcelas, os meses de amostragem (julho e outubro de 1998, correspondendo à época seca; janeiro e abril de 1999, correspondendo à época das águas). Foram utilizados bezerros Nelore, desmamados, com peso vivo médio de 138 kg, no início do experimento. Não foi observado efeito da taxa de lotação sobre as variáveis estudadas. O consumo diário de MS foi maior em pastagens com B. brizantha, em outubro (no final da seca) e em abril (no final das águas), entretanto, dietas de melhor valor nutritivo foram obtidas em pastagens com B. decumbens. As dietas foram constituídas por mais de 80% de folhas de gramínea, enquanto a participação da leguminosa nas dietas foi de apenas 2,1%, com um índice de seleção de 0,08, indicando pouca aceitação deste componente da MS disponível pelos animais em pastejo.<br>The effects of three stocking rates on intake, botanical composition, and nutritive value of the diet of cattle on pastures of Brachiaria decumbens with Stylosanthes guianensis cv. Minerão and B. brizantha cv. Marandu with S. guianensis cv. Mineirão were evaluated. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with two field replications. The treatments were arranged as a 2 x 3 factorial with 2 grasses (B. decumbens and B. brizantha cv. Marandu) in association with S. guianensis cv. Minerão, three stocking rates (0.8, 1.2, and 1.6 AU/ha), and two sampling periods (July and October 1998, corresponding to the early and late dry season; and January and April 1999, corresponding to the mid and late rainy season). Weaned Nellore steers with an average initial weight 138 kg were used. There was no effect of stocking rate on the variables studied. Daily consumption of forage dry matter was higher on pastures with B. brizantha in October (late dry season) and in April (late rainy season). However, it was observed diets with higher nutritive value in B. decumbens pastures. More than 80% of the diet was composed of live grass leaves while legumes represented 2.1% of the diet, with a selection index of 0.08, indicating low contribution of this forage component to the grazing animals

Opportunities for telemetry techniques in studies on the nutritional ecology of free-ranging domesticated ruminants

The principles of domestic herbivore nutrition are well understood and have been developed through detailed physiological studies, although methods to accurately measure field-based intake still challenge herbivore nutrition research. Nutritional ecology considers an animal's interaction with the environment based on its nutritional demands. Although there are a number of theoretical frameworks that can be used to explore nutritional ecology, optimal foraging provides a suitable starting point. Optimal foraging models have progressed from deterministic techniques to spatially explicit agent-based simulation methods. The development of optimal foraging modelling points towards opportunities for field-based research to explore behavioural preferences within studies that have an array of nutritional choices that vary both spatially and temporally. A number of techniques including weighing animals, weighing herbage, using markers (both natural and artificial) and sampling forage, using oesophageal-fistulated animals, have been used to determine intake in the field. These intake measurement techniques are generally most suited to studies that occur over a few days and with relatively small (often less than 10) groups of animals. Over the last 10 years, there have been a number of advances in automated behavioural monitoring technology (e.g. global positioning systems) to track animal movement. A number of recent studies have integrated detailed spatial assessments of vegetation using on-ground sampling and satellite remote sensing; these data have been linked to behavioural preferences of herbivores. Although the recent studies still do not address nutritional interactions over months or years, they do point to methods that could be used to address landscape scale nutritional interactions. Emerging telemetry techniques used to monitor herbivore behavioural preferences and also to determine detailed landscape vegetation mapping provide the opportunity for future herbivore nutritional ecology studies

Comportamento ingestivo de cordeiras em pastagem consorciada de inverno sob diferentes intensidades de desfolha Ingestive behavior of lambs on mixed winter pasture under different grazing intensities

Avaliou-se a relação entre a estrutura do pasto, as variáveis ambientais e o comportamento ingestivo de cordeiras Ile de France × Texel em pastagem consorciada de aveia-preta (Avena strigosa Schreb.), azevém (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) e trevo-vermelho (Trifolium pratense L.) sob quatro intensidades de desfolha (muito alta, alta, média e baixa). Utilizaram-se pastejos intermitentes considerando a soma térmica de 300 graus-dia como critério para determinar os intervalos de pastejo. As avaliações do comportamento ingestivo foram feitas por meio de observação visual em quatro períodos contínuos de 24 horas realizados no período de maio a outubro de 2006. O maior tempo de pastejo ocorreu na intensidade baixa. Altas intensidades de desfolha ocasionaram aumento da densidade populacional de perfilhos de azevém e não alteraram o peso desses perfilhos. A massa de bocados e a qualidade da dieta selecionada pelas cordeiras foram semelhantes entre as intensidades testadas. Em pastagem de aveia+azevém+trevo-vermelho, quando o intervalo de pastejo é determinado pela soma térmica de 300 graus-dia, a utilização de intensidades de desfolha que variam de baixa a muito alta não altera o comportamento ingestivo de cordeiras. O comportamento ingestivo é afetado pelo ciclo do pasto e pelo fotoperíodo e a seletividade dos animais reduz ao final do período de utilização da pastagem, quando ocorre aumento no tempo de pastejo e na distância percorrida em busca de locais de alimentação.<br>The relationship between the pasture structure, environmental variables and the ingestive behavior of crossbred Ile de France-Texel lambs on a mixed winter pasture of oats (Avena strigosa Schreb.), Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) under four grazing intensities ('very high', 'high', 'average', and 'low') was evaluated. Intermittent grazing was used, considering the thermal sum of 300 degree-days to determine the grazing interval. The evaluations of ingestive behavior were made by visual observation, in four continuous periods of 24 hours, conducted from May to October 2006. The highest grazing time occurred in 'low' grazing intensity. The 'high' grazing intensity increased Italian ryegrass density of tillers, without altering the tiller weight. The grazing intensity did not affect the bite weight and the diet quality selected by the animals. Using oats+Italian ryegrass+red clover pasture with a grazing interval determined by the thermal sum of 300 degree-day, grazing intensities can vary from 'low' to 'very high' without modify the lamb ingestive behavior. Ingestive behavior variables is affected by the grazing cycle and photoperiod. At the end of the grazing cycle the selectivity of the grazing animals is reduced, increasing both the time dedicated to grazing and the distance covered on the search for food patches