Transverse relaxation-based assessment of mammographic density and breast tissue composition by single-sided portable NMR

Purpose: Elevated mammographic density (MD) is an independent risk factor for breast cancer (BC) as well as a source of masking in X-ray mammography. High-frequency longitudinal monitoring of MD could also be beneficial in hormonal BC prevention, where early MD changes herald the treatment's success. We present a novel approach to quantification of MD in breast tissue using single-sided portable NMR. Its development was motivated by the low cost of portable-NMR instrumentation, the suitability for measurements in vivo, and the absence of ionizing radiation. Methods: Five breast slices were obtained from three patients undergoing prophylactic mastectomy or breast reduction surgery. Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) relaxation curves were measured from (1) regions of high and low MD (HMD and LMD, respectively) in the full breast slices; (2) the same regions excised from the full slices; and (3) excised samples after H O-D O replacement. T distributions were reconstructed from the CPMG decays using inverse Laplace transform. Results: Two major peaks, identified as fat and water, were consistently observed in the T distributions of HMD regions. The LMD T distributions were dominated by the fat peak. The relative areas of the two peaks exhibited statistically significant (