The ACER pollen and charcoal database: A global resource to document vegetation and fire response to abrupt climate changes during the last glacial period

This is the final version of the article. Available from Copernicus Publications via the DOI in this record.Quaternary records provide an opportunity to examine the nature of the vegetation and fire responses to rapid past climate changes comparable in velocity and magnitude to those expected in the 21st-century. The best documented examples of rapid climate change in the past are the warming events associated with the Dansgaard-Oeschger (D-O) cycles during the last glacial period, which were sufficiently large to have had a potential feedback through changes in albedo and greenhouse gas emissions on climate. Previous reconstructions of vegetation and fire changes during the D-O cycles used independently constructed age models, making it difficult to compare the changes between different sites and regions. Here, we present the ACER (Abrupt Climate Changes and Environmental Responses) global database, which includes 93 pollen records from the last glacial period (73-15ka) with a temporal resolution better than 1000years, 32 of which also provide charcoal records. A harmonized and consistent chronology based on radiometric dating (14C, 234U/230Th, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL), 40Ar/39Ar-dated tephra layers) has been constructed for 86 of these records, although in some cases additional information was derived using common control points based on event stratigraphy. The ACER database compiles metadata including geospatial and dating information, pollen and charcoal counts, and pollen percentages of the characteristic biomes and is archived in Microsoft Access™ at https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.870867.The members of the ACER project wish to thank the QUEST-DESIRE (UK and France) bilateral project, the INQUA International Focus Group ACER and the INTIMATE-COST action for funding a suite of workshops to compile the ACER pollen and charcoal database and the workshop on ACER chronology that allow setting the basis for harmonizing the chronologies. Josué M. Polanco-Martinez was funded by a Basque Government postdoctoral fellowship (POS_2015_1_0006) and Sandy P. Harrison by the ERC Advanced Grant GC2.0: unlocking the past for a clearer future

Tephrochronology

Tephrochronology is the use of primary, characterized tephras or cryptotephras as chronostratigraphic marker beds to connect and synchronize geological, paleoenvironmental, or archaeological sequences or events, or soils/paleosols, and, uniquely, to transfer relative or numerical ages or dates to them using stratigraphic and age information together with mineralogical and geochemical compositional data, especially from individual glass-shard analyses, obtained for the tephra/cryptotephra deposits. To function as an age-equivalent correlation and chronostratigraphic dating tool, tephrochronology may be undertaken in three steps: (i) mapping and describing tephras and determining their stratigraphic relationships, (ii) characterizing tephras or cryptotephras in the laboratory, and (iii) dating them using a wide range of geochronological methods. Tephrochronology is also an important tool in volcanology, informing studies on volcanic petrology, volcano eruption histories and hazards, and volcano-climate forcing. Although limitations and challenges remain, multidisciplinary applications of tephrochronology continue to grow markedly

Pollen, biomarker and stable isotope evidence of late Quaternary environmental change at Lake McKenzie, southeast Queensland

Unravelling links between climate change and vegetation response during the Quaternary is important if the climate–environment interactions of modern systems are to be fully understood. Using a sediment core from Lake McKenzie, Fraser Island, we reconstruct changes in the lake ecosystem and surrounding vegetation over the last ca. 36.9 cal kyr. Evidence is drawn from multiple sources, including pollen, micro-charcoal, biomarker and stable isotope (C and N) analyses, and is used to gain a better understanding of the nature and timing of past ecological changes that have occurred at the site. The glacial period of the record, from ca. 36.9 to 18.3 cal kyr BP, is characterised by an increased abundance of plants of the aquatic and littoral zone, indicating lower lake water levels. High abundance of biomarkers and microfossils of the colonial green alga Botryococcus occurred at this time and included large variation in individual botryococcene d13C values. A slowing or ceasing of sediment accumulation occurred during the time period from ca. 18.3 to 14.0 cal kyr BP. By around 14.0 cal kyr BP fire activity in the area was reduced, as was abundance of littoral plants and terrestrial herbs, suggesting wetter conditions from that time. The Lake McKenzie pollen record conforms to existing records from Fraser Island by containing evidence of a period of reduced effective precipitation that commenced in the mid-Holocene

The sediment fluorescence–trophic level relationship: Using water-extractable organic matter to assess past lake water quality in New Zealand

Lake sediments are the physical remnants of past allochthonous and autochthonous carbon and mineral inputs and therefore have the potential to illuminate both past terrestrial carbon cycling and within-lake biological productivity. However, there are currently no robust, rapid, and inexpensive methods to chemically characterise the organic matter (OM) components in lake sediments, which limits their utility for reconstructing past soil carbon export trends or trophic status. This study explores the use of 3D excitation–emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy of water extractable dissolved organic matter (WEDOM) from lake sediments as a method for reconstructing past soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) export and past lake water quality. Using contemporary lake sediments from 11 New Zealand lakes, we demonstrate that both overall WEDOM fluorescence and protein-like fluorescence intensity are strong functions of trophic status across lakes. We also demonstrate that protein-like fluorescence is a function of sedimentary total nitrogen concentrations in palaeo-sediments from a pristine, high-altitude lake (Adelaide Tarn). This approach has applications in the evaluation of the trophic status of infrequently monitored lakes and in palaeolimnology

Optimised protocol for the extraction of fish DNA from freshwater sediments

1. Monitoring fish is necessary for understanding population dynamics, tracking distribution patterns and evaluating conservation efforts. Molecular techniques targeting environmental DNA (eDNA) are now considered effective methods for detecting specific species or characterising fish communities. The analysis of DNA from lake‐surface sediments (sedDNA) can provide a time‐integrated sampling approach which reduces the variability sometimes observed in water samples. However, studies of sedDNA have had varying success in detecting fish. The present study aimed to determine the most effective extraction method for recovering fish DNA from lake‐surface sediments. 2. A literature review was undertaken to identify DNA extraction methods usedpreviously on aquatic sediments targeting aquatic and terrestrial animals. Fivemethods with various modifications were tested to establish their ability to des-orb extracellular DNA. Based on these results, two methods were selected andoptimised, and the recovery of fish sedDNA characterised using droplet digi-tal PCR assays targeting eel and perch (Anguilla australis, Anguilla dieffenbachii,Perca fluviatilis). A range of sediment masses (0.25–20 g) were assessed to estab-lish the optimal amount required to accurately assess fish sedDNA. 3. The DNA extraction methods found to be most effective at recovering ex-tracellular DNA spiked into small sediment masses (0.25 g) were the DNeasyPowerSoil DNA Isolation Kit (QIAGEN), and the ABPS protocol which involvedan initial alkaline buffer extraction followed by the PowerSoil extraction kit. Forlarger sediment masses (>0.25 g) the ABPS protocol or the DNeasy PowerMaxSoil Kit (QIAGEN) with an additional ethanol DNA concentration step (PMETprotocol) yielded the highest concentrations of target genes across a range oflake sediments. Larger sediment masses (≤20 g was tested) increased the likeli-hood of detection of fish in sedDNA. Optimisation of the ABPS protocol was re-quired (65°C incubation temperature, pooling of multiple PowerSoil extractions)to overcome technical challenges related to co-precipitation of organic content in lake-surface sediments. This optimised ABPS protocol was called the “LakesABPS protocol”. 4. We recommend the use of the Lakes ABPS protocol as it is cheaper than thePMET protocol. Additionally, after the first extraction step, the process can beautomated on a DNA extraction robot, allowing for higher sample throughput.A mass of 10 g is suggested, although higher detection is achieved with moresediment, a suite of challenges, such as co-precipitation of organic content, areencountered when the amount is increased.5. This study highlights the complexity of the extraction and detection of fishsedDNA from lake sediment, especially when it has a high organic content. Wehave optimised a DNA extraction method to overcome some of these complexi-ties that can be applied to a wide range of lake sediments

Identifying a reliable target fraction for radiocarbon dating sedimentary records from lakes

Lake basins that experience rapid rates of deposition act as high-resolution environmental archives because they produce sedimentary records that have centennial or even decadal resolution. However, identifying target fractions for radiocarbon dating of lake sediments remains problematic because reworked organic material from fluvial catchments can produce anomalously old radiocarbon ages. This study determines the extent to which reworked material from catchment soils impacts radiocarbon dates on pollen and other organic concentrates by comparing radiocarbon dates produced by these techniques against a chronostratigraphic marker in cores from Lake Mapourika, New Zealand. Pollen preferentially preserved and reworked from catchment soils was identified using soil palynology. A technique was then developed to remove reworked pollen types from pollen concentrates extracted from lake sediment. Identification and removal of reworked pollen from pollen concentrates produced ages that were consistently closer to the age of the chronostratigraphic horizon than other organic concentrates. However, these dates were still between 736 and 366 calendar years older than expected. The only organic fractions that reliably reproduced the age of the chronostratigraphic horizon were terrestrial leaf macrofossils, although terrestrial leaf macrofossils isolated from megaturbidite deposits, which are formed by high-energy depositional events, also provided anomalously old ages. The results indicate that leaf material extracted from hemipelagite, which accumulates gradually, is likely to be the only organic fraction to produce reliable chronology in lakes where a component of sedimentation is driven by the fluvial system. The results also demonstrate the importance of conducting a detailed investigation of physical sedimentology before selecting material for radiocarbon dating lake sediments. Crown Copyright © 2013, Elsevier Ltd

The vegetation and climate during the Last Glacial Cold Period, northern South Island, New Zealand

Pollen assemblages from Howard Valley, South Island, New Zealand, were used to reconstruct the palaeovegetation and infer past climate during the period ca 38-21 cal. ka, which encompasses the Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3/2 transition and Last Glacial Cold Period (LGCP). A glacier occupied the upper Howard Valley during the Last Glacial, whilst extensive glaciofluvial outwash surfaces were constructed in the lower valley. Episodic periods of fluvial aggradation and incision have produced a complex sequence of terraces flanking the main Howard River and its tributaries. Sedimentary sequences from three exposed valley fills, sampled for palynological analysis and radiocarbon dating, consist of a complex vertical and lateral arrangement of coarse textured cobbly sandy gravels interbedded with organic-rich silt deposits. Palynology of these organic-rich horizons was directly compared to an existing beetle record from these same horizons. During late MIS 3 the site was dominated by marshy shrubland vegetation interspersed with mixed beech forest, indicating temperatures ~2-3 °C cooler than present. Climate cooling began as early as 35.7 cal. ka and coincides with evidence of cooling from other sites in New Zealand, South America and with an Antarctic cooling signature. A three phase vegetation and inferred climate pattern occurs at the site during the LGCP beginning with a transition to an alpine/sub-alpine grassland comparable to communities growing near treeline today marking the change to glacial conditions before 31 cal. ka. A small increase in tree abundance between ca 25.8 and 22.7 cal. ka suggests minor climate amelioration during the mid-LGCP. During this phase, a possible volcanically induced vegetation disruption caused by the deposition of the Kawakawa Tephra at 25 cal. ka is evident in the pollen record. This is followed by a further decline in tree pollen and increase in alpine grassland and herb pollen indicating further deterioration of conditions and a period of maximum cooling (~4.5 °C) ca 22.5-20.9 cal. ka. This corresponds with the timing of greatest ice advance based on the geomorphic evidence in the region. Contrary to previous studies in New Zealand, the pollen and beetle records are in close agreement. Both indicate the site was forested during late MIS 3, with progressive reduction of trees during the LGCP. The consistent presence of beech pollen nevertheless confirms small refugia of trees persisted in the region

Cooling and changing seasonality in the Southern Alps, New Zealand during the Antarctic Cold Reversal

A comprehensively 14C AMS dated pollen and chironomid record from Boundary Stream Tarn provides the first chironomid-derived temperature reconstruction to quantify temperature change during Lateglacial times (17,500–10,000 cal yr BP) in the Southern Alps, New Zealand. The records indicate a ca 1000-year disruption to the Lateglacial warming trend and an overall cooling consistent with the Antarctic Cold Reversal (ACR). The main interval of chironomid-inferred summer temperature depression (2–3 °C) lasted about 700 years during the ACR. Following this cooling event, both proxies indicate a warming step to temperatures slightly cooler than present during the Younger Dryas chronozone (12,900–11,500 cal yr BP). These results highlight a direct linkage between Antarctica and mid-latitude terrestrial climate systems and the largely asynchronous nature of the interhemispheric climate system during the last glacial transition. The greater magnitude of temperature changes shown by the chironomid record is attributed to the response of the proxies to differences in seasonal climate with chironomids reflecting summer temperature and vegetation more strongly controlled by duration of winter or by minimum temperatures. These differences imply stronger seasonality at times during the Lateglacial, which may explain some of the variability between other paleoclimate records from New Zealand and have wider implications for understanding differences between proxy records for abrupt climate change