Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018): a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines

The last decade has seen a sharp increase in the number of scientific publications describing physiological and pathological functions of extracellular vesicles (EVs), a collective term covering various subtypes of cell-released, membranous structures, called exosomes, microvesicles, microparticles, ectosomes, oncosomes, apoptotic bodies, and many other names. However, specific issues arise when working with these entities, whose size and amount often make them difficult to obtain as relatively pure preparations, and to characterize properly. The International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) proposed Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles (“MISEV”) guidelines for the field in 2014. We now update these “MISEV2014” guidelines based on evolution of the collective knowledge in the last four years. An important point to consider is that ascribing a specific function to EVs in general, or to subtypes of EVs, requires reporting of specific information beyond mere description of function in a crude, potentially contaminated, and heterogeneous preparation. For example, claims that exosomes are endowed with exquisite and specific activities remain difficult to support experimentally, given our still limited knowledge of their specific molecular machineries of biogenesis and release, as compared with other biophysically similar EVs. The MISEV2018 guidelines include tables and outlines of suggested protocols and steps to follow to document specific EV-associated functional activities. Finally, a checklist is provided with summaries of key points

Recurrent COVID-19 including evidence of reinfection and enhanced severity in thirty Brazilian healthcare workers

BACKGROUND: There is growing concern about individuals reported to suffer repeat COVID-19 disease episodes, these in a small number of cases characterised as de novo infections with distinct sequences, indicative of insufficient protective immunity even in the short term. METHODS: Observational case series and case-control studies reporting 33 cases of recurrent, symptomatic, qRT-PCR positive COVID-19. Recurrent disease was defined as symptomatic recurrence after symptom-free clinical recovery, with release from isolation >14 days from the beginning of symptoms confirmed by qRT-PCR. The case control study-design compared this group of patients with a control group of 62 patients randomly selected from the same COVID-19 database. RESULTS: Of 33 recurrent COVID-19 patients, 26 were female and 30 were HCW. Mean time to recurrence was 50.5 days which was associated with being a HCW (OR 36.4 (p <0.0001)), and blood type A (OR 4.8 (p = 0.002)). SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were signifcantly lower in recurrent patients after initial COVID-19  (2.4 ± 0.610; p<0.0001) and after recurrence (6.4 ± 11.34; p = 0.007).  Virus genome sequencing identified reinfection by a different isolate in one patient. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first detailed case series showing COVID-19 recurrence with qRT-PCR positivity. For one individual detection of phylogenetically distinct genomic sequences in the first and second episodes confirmed bona fide renfection, but in most cases the data do not formally distinguish between reinfection and re-emergence of a chronic infection reservoir. These episodes were significantly associated with reduced Ab response during initial disease and argue the need for ongoing vigilance without an assumption of protection after a first episode

Enfermagem e Sindicalismo em Goiás: análise do período 1982-2004 Enfermería y Sindicalismo en Goiás: análisis del período 1982-2004 Nursing and Unionism in Goiás: analysis of the period from 1982 to 2004

Estudos sobre Sindicalismo e Enfermagem são bastante escassos no Brasil. Em Goiás, só encontramos uma monografia acerca do tema, o que nos levou a examinar a questão. Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o sindicalismo na área de enfermagem em Goiás, buscando reconstituir sua trajetória e evidenciar a ocorrência de articulações com outros sindicatos. A metodologia empregada (qualitativa) embasa-se na História Nova, com o emprego de fontes primárias (entrevistas e documentos originais) e secundárias. As respostas obtidas demonstraram que alguns sindicatos são mais atuantes que outros e que as diferentes possibilidades de afiliação contribuem para enfraquecer o Sindicato dos Enfermeiros de Goiás.<br>Estúdios con respecto al Sindicalismo y Enfermería son bastante raros en el Brasil. En Goiás, sólo encontramos una monografia acerca del tema, lo que nos llevou a examinar esta cuestión. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar el sindicalismo en la área de la enfermería en Goiás, procurando reconstruir su trayectoria y evidenciar la ocurrencia de las articulaciones con otros sindicatos. La metodología utilzada basease en la Historia Nueva, con lo empleo de fuentes primarias y secundarias. Las respuestas obtenidas demonstráron que algunos sindicatos son más actuantes que otros y que las diferentes posibilidades de filiación contribuyen para debilitar el Sindicato de los Enfermeros de Goiás.<br>Studies about Unionism and Nursing are rare in Brazil. In Goiás, we just find out a monograph about the subject, which made us to analyze the question. The objective of this work is to analyze the Unionism of Nursing in Goiás, in search of rebuilt their trajectory and evidence the articulation with others syndicates. The methodology used called "qualitative" based on New History, using primary sources (interview and originals documents) and secondary. The answers we have got showed that some syndicates are much skilled than others and the different possibilities of membership helps to weaken the Union of Nurses in Goiás