Germ band retraction as a landmark in glucose metabolism during Aedes aegypti embryogenesis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The mosquito <it>A. aegypti </it>is vector of dengue and other viruses. New methods of vector control are needed and can be achieved by a better understanding of the life cycle of this insect. Embryogenesis is a part of <it>A. aegypty </it>life cycle that is poorly understood. In insects in general and in mosquitoes in particular energetic metabolism is well studied during oogenesis, when the oocyte exhibits fast growth, accumulating carbohydrates, lipids and proteins that will meet the regulatory and metabolic needs of the developing embryo. On the other hand, events related with energetic metabolism during <it>A. aegypti </it>embryogenesis are unknown.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Glucose metabolism was investigated throughout <it>Aedes aegypti </it>(Diptera) embryonic development. Both cellular blastoderm formation (CBf, 5 h after egg laying - HAE) and germ band retraction (GBr, 24 HAE) may be considered landmarks regarding glucose 6-phosphate (G6P) destination. We observed high levels of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activity at the very beginning of embryogenesis, which nevertheless decreased up to 5 HAE. This activity is correlated with the need for nucleotide precursors generated by the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), of which G6PDH is the key enzyme. We suggest the synchronism of egg metabolism with carbohydrate distribution based on the decreasing levels of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) activity and on the elevation observed in protein content up to 24 HAE. Concomitantly, increasing levels of hexokinase (HK) and pyruvate kinase (PK) activity were observed, and PEPCK reached a peak around 48 HAE. Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK3) activity was also monitored and shown to be inversely correlated with glycogen distribution during embryogenesis.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The results herein support the hypothesis that glucose metabolic fate changes according to developmental embryonic stages. Germ band retraction is a moment that was characterized as a landmark in glucose metabolism during <it>Aedes aegypti </it>embryogenesis. Furthermore, the results also suggest a role for GSK3 in glycogen balance/distribution during morphological modifications.</p

Nucleases as a barrier to gene silencing in the cotton boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis.

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Genetic Basis of Myocarditis: Myth or Reality?

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Avaliação de produtos à base de Bacillus thuringiensis no controle da traça-das-crucíferas Evaluation of insecticides based on Bacillus thuringiensis in the control of the diamondback moth

Avaliou-se em dois experimentos a suscetibilidade da traça-das-crucíferas a inseticidas à base de Bacillus thuringiensis em repolho cv. Itiban. O delineamento do primeiro experimento (de julho a setembro/03), em área de plantio comercial em Brazlândia (DF), foi de blocos casualizados, com seis tratamentos e dez repetições; os bioinseticidas utilizados foram B. thuringiensis kurstaki (S1450CO), B. thuringiensis aizawai comercial (Bta) e três produtos formulados com as estirpes S1450BB, S811BB, S845BB de B. thuringiensis pertencentes ao Banco de Bacillus spp. da Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia. No segundo experimento, realizado no campo experimental da Embrapa (DF), de outubro/03 a janeiro/04, o delineamento foi de blocos casualizados, com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições; os inseticidas utilizados foram os mesmos do primeiro experimento, com a adição de Spinosad, e retirado o tratamento S811BB. Os produtos foram aplicados quando foi atingido o nível de dano de seis furos nas quatro folhas centrais do repolho. O Bta comercial foi o produto mais eficaz no primeiro experimento, tendo sido aplicado cinco vezes e diferiu estaticamente dos demais produtos. Os formulados S845BB e S1450BB não apresentaram diferenças quando comparados ao produto comercial S1450 e foram aplicados seis vezes. O produto S811BB também foi aplicado seis vezes, mas sua eficácia foi inferior aos demais produtos e não diferiu da testemunha. Já no segundo experimento, o S1450 comercial foi aplicado cinco vezes e os demais produtos à base de Bt, seis vezes. Todos os produtos utilizados não diferiram entre si, diferindo apenas no número de aplicações.<br>Two experiments were performed to evaluate the susceptibility of the diamondback moth to insecticides based on Bacillus thuringiensis in cabbage cv. Itiban. The first experiment was carried out from July to September 2003, in a production area in Brazlândia (DF), Brazil. Randomized blocks with six treatments and ten replicates were used. The tested products were: commercial B. thuringiensis kurstaki (S1450), commercial B. thuringiensis aizawai (Bta) and three experimental formulations based on strains S1450BB, S811BB, S845BB of B. thuringiensis from the collection of Bacillus spp. of Embrapa Genetic Resources and Biotecnology. The second experiment was carried out in the experimental area of Embrapa, from October 2003 to January 2004. Randomized blocks with six treatments and four repetitions were used. The tested products were the same as those used in the first experiment with the addition of Spinosad and without S811BB. Products were applied when the level of attack on the plants by the pests reached six holes in the two pairs of central leaves pf the cabbage. Commercial Bta was the most effective product in the first experiment, after five applications and differed from the other products. S845BB and S1450BB were not significantly different when compared to the commercial product S1450, which were applied six times. The product S811BB was also applied six times, but its effectiveness was lower than the other products and was not different to the control. In the second experiment, all products were similar, just differing in the number of applications. Commercial S1450 was applied five times and the other products the base of Bt were applied six times