Rapamycin induces transactivation of the EGFR and increases cell survival.

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling network regulates cell growth, proliferation and cell survival. Deregulated activation of this pathway is a common event in diverse human diseases such as cancers, cardiac hypertrophy, vascular restenosis and nephrotic hypertrophy. Although mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin, has been widely used to inhibit the aberrant signaling due to mTOR activation that plays a major role in hyperproliferative diseases, in some cases rapamycin does not attenuate the cell proliferation and survival. Thus, we studied the mechanism(s) by which cells may confer resistance to rapamycin. Our data show that in a variety of cell types the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin activates extracellularly regulated kinases (Erk1/2) signaling. Rapamycin-mediated activation of the Erk1/2 signaling requires (a) the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), (b) its tyrosine kinase activity and (c) intact autophosphorylation sites on the receptor. Rapamycin treatment increases tyrosine phosphorylation of EGFR without the addition of growth factor and this transactivation of receptor involves activation of c-Src. We also show that rapamycin treatment triggers activation of cell survival signaling pathway by activating the prosurvival kinases Erk1/2 and p90RSK. These studies provide a novel paradigm by which cells escape the apoptotic actions of rapamycin and its derivatives that inhibit the mTOR pathway

Understanding Differences in Medical Versus Surgical Patients Alerted by the Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS) at Jefferson Hospital

An Early Warning Score (EWS) is a risk-management tool to identify patients experiencing clinical deterioration early, therefore allowing timely treatment to occur. Although EWS scores are recommended for all in-patients, more data is available for patients under general medical services compared to surgical services. This study aims to understand differences between medical versus surgical in-patients who receive a red alert from the Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS) at Jefferson hospital. Patients who received a red MEWS alert during admission and discharged between June 2017 to March 2018 (N=812) were categorized as medical or surgical patients. Patient characteristics were compared using an independent samples t-test (age, alert count) or chi-square test (sex, race, admission source, insurance). Patient outcomes were compared using a binary logistic regression (in-hospital mortality, RRT, sepsis diagnosis, ICU transfer, intubation, discharge to hospice) or a Cox regression model (length of stay), controlling for age, sex, and race. Compared to medical patients, surgical patients were younger by 2.7 years (p=0.026) and more likely to have a Commercial and/or Medicare category of insurance (OR=1.568, p=0.005). Surgical patients were more likely to have ICU transfer (OR=1.487, p=0.013) and intubation post-alert (OR=2.470, p=0.006), while less likely to be discharged early (HR=0.675,

Accounting B

Exam paper for second semeste

Repeatability of swept-source optical coherence tomography retinal and choroidal thickness measurements in neovascular age-related macular degeneration

BACKGROUND: The aim was to determine the intrasession repeatability of swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT)-derived retinal and choroidal thickness measurements in eyes with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). METHODS: A prospective study consisting of patients with active nAMD enrolled in the Distance of Choroid Study at Moorfields Eye Hospital, London. Patients underwent three 12×9 mm macular raster scans using the deep range imaging (DRI) OCT-1 SS-OCT (Topcon) device in a single imaging session. Retinal and choroidal thicknesses were calculated for the ETDRS macular subfields. Repeatability was calculated according to methods described by Bland and Altman. RESULTS: 39 eyes of 39 patients with nAMD were included with a mean (±SD) age of 73.9 (±7.2) years. The mean (±SD) retinal thickness of the central macular subfield was 225.7 μm (±12.4 μm). The repeatability this subfield, expressed as a percentage of the mean central macular subfield thickness, was 23.2%. The percentage repeatability of the other macular subfields ranged from 13.2% to 28.7%. The intrasession coefficient of repeatability of choroidal thickness of the central macular subfield was 57.2 μm with a mean choroidal thickness (±SD) of 181 μm (±15.8 μm). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that a change >23.2% of retinal thickness and 57.2 μm choroidal thickness in the central macular subfield is required to distinguish true clinical change from measurement variability when using the DRI OCT-1 device to manage patients with nAMD

“A descriptive study to assess level of academic stress and anxiety of science stream students among selected higher secondary school at Kheda District.”

The words "Stress" and " anxiety" have permeated every aspect of our generation today.In order to function properly, every student has to experience pleasant academic stress and anxiety,also known as eustress.When a student is unable to study or cope with a circumstance, they experience negative stress,also known as distress.Stress is a condition where a student's usal state of equilibrium is altered.By the year 2020, according to the WHO ,that will be one of the main causes of disability.The concern over academic stress and anxiety among science students has grown in recent years.According to estimates, academic stress and anxiety connect to annual performance and result impair the overall performance of 10% to 30% of School students of science stream. AIM:The study aims are to assess academic stress and anxiety regarding school, education system and examination to improve level of knowledge and to reduce stressors, in higher secondary school students of science stream. METHODOLOGY: Non- experimental research design with quantitative research approach was used for research study. The researcher used purposive sampling technique for selecting 300 samples. The tools used, Section 1: socio-demographic data Section 2: structured perceived academic stress scale questionnaires regarding stress. Section 3: Anxiety scale to assess the attitude by anxiety scale. Validity of tool was assessed by 11 experts.Assessment was ascertained by the chi-square formula

Effects and Mechanism of Nanotoxicity:An Overview

Nanotechnology is a rapidly developing field of 21st century, which has provided groundbreaking discoveries in many areas, including the medical, industrial, and consumer sectors. The unique characteristics of engineered nanoparticles (NPs) have paved their way in a variety of applications. However, these novel properties of NPs are filled with concerns for their potential toxicity. At present, more than a hundred different types of NPs are known, but there is no well-defined guideline to estimate their potential risk. Information concerning their safety is urgently needed and that is why for the past few decades, there has been a remarkable increase in this research area of the field of nanotoxicology. NPs have been studied intensively for their cell toxicity, genotoxicity, and immunotoxicity. One of the widely accepted mechanism of nanotoxicity is the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Present review selectively focuses on the harmful effects and mechanisms of NP toxicity

“A STUDY TO ASSESS THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA USE ON LEARNING, SOCIAL INTERACTION AND SLEEP DURATION ON STUDENT’S LIFE IN SELECTED COLLEGES OF NADIAD CITY.”

discussions among its participant.” Social networking sites have changed how we engage with each other in person, how we obtain information, and how our social networks and friendships operate.(1) Additionally, the amount of time students spends daily utilizing social networks decreases the quality of their sleep and increases depression as well as impact on learning ability and social interaction using of social media impact on college students both : positively & negatively in learning, social interaction and sleep duration.(2) AIMS: The essence of this research work is to primarily study the influence of social media on the learning ability, sleeping pattern and social interaction of students. METHODOLOGY: A Quantitative research study was conducted. 100 college students from 1st and 2nd year were chosen for the study. A standardized questionnaire was used to examine their sociodemographic profile, structured 4-point Likert Scale to assess the impact of social media on learning, Social Interaction and Sleep duration. Descriptive and Inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. RESULT: In this study total 100 students are participated the result revealed than 48(48%) students have moderate impact of social media on learning, 50(50%) students have moderate impact of social media on social interaction, 55(55%) students have moderate impact of social media on sleep duration. CONCLUSION: The purpose of present study is to a Descriptive study to assess the effect of social media on learning, social interaction and sleep duration among students in selected colleges of Nadiad city. Based on the findings, social media occupies the most important part of the student’s life. It consumes most of their productive hours and results in anxiety, depression, loneliness, attention deficit, hyperactivity disorder and addiction. The students who addicted by dopamine spend excess time on social media sleeps only fewer hours in the night time. This makes them become stressed and sleepy in their daily classes which makes in the reduction of the concentration level of students. This study also reveals that student who do not have proper sleeping habit tend to be less interactive to lecture that result in poor academic performanc