Validity and reliability of subjective methods to assess sedentary behaviour in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Subjective measures of sedentary behaviour (SB) (i.e. questionnaires and diaries/logs) are widely implemented, and can be useful for capturing type and context of SBs. However, little is known about comparative validity and reliability. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to: 1) identify subjective methods to assess overall, domain- and behaviour-specific SB, and 2) examine the validity and reliability of these methods. METHODS: The databases MEDLINE, EMBASE and SPORTDiscus were searched up to March 2020. Inclusion criteria were: 1) assessment of SB, 2) evaluation of subjective measurement tools, 3) being performed in healthy adults, 4) manuscript written in English, and 5) paper was peer-reviewed. Data of validity and/or reliability measurements was extracted from included studies and a meta-analysis using random effects was performed to assess the pooled correlation coefficients of the validity. RESULTS: The systematic search resulted in 2423 hits. After excluding duplicates and screening on title and abstract, 82 studies were included with 75 self-reported measurement tools. There was wide variability in the measurement properties and quality of the studies. The criterion validity varied between poor-to-excellent (correlation coefficient [R] range - 0.01- 0.90) with logs/diaries (R = 0.63 [95%CI 0.48-0.78]) showing higher criterion validity compared to questionnaires (R = 0.35 [95%CI 0.32-0.39]). Furthermore, correlation coefficients of single- and multiple-item questionnaires were comparable (1-item R = 0.34; 2-to-9-items R = 0.35; ≥10-items R = 0.37). The reliability of SB measures was moderate-to-good, with the quality of these studies being mostly fair-to-good. CONCLUSION: Logs and diaries are recommended to validly and reliably assess self-reported SB. However, due to time and resources constraints, 1-item questionnaires may be preferred to subjectively assess SB in large-scale observations when showing similar validity and reliability compared to longer questionnaires. REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42018105994

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Not AvailableGenetic variability is prerequisite for any crop improvement program as it helps breeders in selection process. For this purpose, present study aimed to estimate genetic parameters of eleven quantitative characters along with reaction for yellow rust resistance of 243 segregating lines of wheat during F4 and F5 generations derived from two crosses, viz., WH 1105 x WH 711 and RAJ 3765 x WH 711. Moderate to high values of GCV and PCV were observed for grain weight/ear, grain yield/plant, biological yield/plant, 100-grain weight, ear weight, number of tillers/plant and number of grains/ear. The heritability estimates were high for number of tillers/plant, ear weight, number of grains/ear, 100-grain weight, biological yield/plant and grain yield/plant. The heritability estimates were high for number of tillers/plant, ear weight, number of grains/ear, 100-grain weight, biological yield/plant and grain yield/plant. Genetic advance as per cent of mean was moderate for grain weight/ear, grain yield/plant, 100-grain weight, biological yield/plant, ear weight, number of tillers/plant and number of grains/ear. High heritability with high genetic advance was observed for number of tillers/plant, grain weight/ear, 100-grain weight and grain yield/plant indicating predominance of additive gene effects and possibilities of effective selection for the improvement of these characters. The reaction to yellow rust varied from highly resistant to highly susceptible among the progenies of both the generations.Not Availabl

Ransomware Detection System and Analysis Using Latest Tool

Today ransomware has a serious threat to the online world. Most of the software firms, universities, companies, and organizations in the world are trying to take alert decisions to save from ransomware attacks. A joint statement was issued by both governments of the United States and about ransomware attacks insistence users to stay alert and take precautions. Recently on May 19th, 2017, the Swiss government observed the Ransomware Info Day, to spread awareness regarding ransomware and its effects. Ransomware in India as well is on the rise. Ransomware is a combination of two words, ransomware and software. In other words, ransomware makes it really hard for users to access all files and data in a computer because it hacks the data and do not allow the users to access the files unless they pay ransom to the hacker. Dr. Joseph Popp is the first person to develop ransomware. Ransomware is known as a global epidemic that attacks all types of organizations using computing infrastructure. Ransomware has undergone various evolutions. Preventive measures are needed in order to avoid losses especially in business. The purpose of this study is to examine the evolution of ransomware and preventions against it.</jats:p

Morphological spectrum of gallstone disease in 1100 cholecystectomies in North India

BACKGROUND: Gallstones are a major cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. In India, they are seven times more common in the North as compared to the South. AIMS: To study the morphological spectrum of gallstone disease in the stone- belt of India, and to understand its probable etiopathogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Morphological spectrum of gallstone disease was studied in 1100 cholecystectomies over a period of 3 years in the past. RESULTS: There was a preponderance of females (M: F ratio 1: 6.4). The age of the patients varied from 10 to 90 years with maximum number of cases between 31 and 40 years of age. On morphological analysis, gallstones were of mixed type in 686 cases (62.3%), pigment type in 34 cases (3.2%), cholesterol type in 182 cases (17.3%), and combined type in 148 cases (14%). Other lesions associated with chronic cholecystitis were cholesterolosis in 112 cases (10.1%), xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis in 26 cases (2.3%), follicular cholecystitis in 26 cases (2.3%), ceroid granulomas in ten cases (0.9%), eosinophilic cholecystitis in six cases (0.5%), and carcinoma in 12 cases (1.09%). Maximum number of carcinomas were associated with pigment stones, that is, 7 out of 12 cases (58.3%). CONCLUSIONS: The morphological spectrum of gallstone disease in this stone-belt of India will certainly contribute to understand its etiopathogenesis, and hence prevention. However, further studies on the biochemical composition of stones and their association with morphological changes are required to clarify the etiopathogenesis

CORRELATIONAL STUDY OF NEUTROPHIL-TO LYMPHOCYTE RATIO AND BIOMARKERS (IL-6, CRP, ESR, FERRITIN) WITH COVID-19 SEVERITY

Background: India is 5th worst hit nation by COVID-19 with 5.2 lacs deaths attributable to the disease. To counteract this global tragedy, many research articles have highlighted the role of various haematological and inflammatory biomarkers in assessing the severity of the disease. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of 100 RT-PCR confirmed COVID-19 patients was undertaken. The patients were initially categorised into mild, moderate, and severe categories based on SpO2 levels &amp; clinical symptoms at the time of admission. The blood sample was analysed for haematological and inflammatory biomarkers including NLR, IL-6, CRP, ESR and Serum ferritin. The data obtained was compared between severe and non-severe (mild+moderate) categories. Results: On correlating NLR with disease severity, patients with non-severe disease had a mean of 3.7 whereas it was 6.7 in the severe group, signaling that patient with severe disease had significantly high NLR compared to non-severe patients. The inflammatory markers studied, ESR, CRP &amp; Serum ferritin- all three of them showed markedly increased mean values in severe patients. However, in our study, IL-6 levels were not found to correlate with severity of COVID-19. On performing ANOVA t test, NLR, ESR and serum ferritin were found to be significantly correlated with disease severity (p-value&lt;0.05) but no significant correlation was found with IL-6. Conclusions: Our study highlights the importance of taking into consideration the values of NLR, ESR, CRP and serum ferritin as a screening tool at the time of initial presentation of COVID-19 patients to triage those requiring intensive care for optimum utilisation of limited resources.</jats:p