Ancient Migratory Events in the Middle East: New Clues from the Y-Chromosome Variation of Modern Iranians

Knowledge of high resolution Y-chromosome haplogroup diversification within Iran provides important geographic context regarding the spread and compartmentalization of male lineages in the Middle East and southwestern Asia. At present, the Iranian population is characterized by an extraordinary mix of different ethnic groups speaking a variety of Indo-Iranian, Semitic and Turkic languages. Despite these features, only few studies have investigated the multiethnic components of the Iranian gene pool. In this survey 938 Iranian male DNAs belonging to 15 ethnic groups from 14 Iranian provinces were analyzed for 84 Y-chromosome biallelic markers and 10 STRs. The results show an autochthonous but non-homogeneous ancient background mainly composed by J2a sub-clades with different external contributions. The phylogeography of the main haplogroups allowed identifying post-glacial and Neolithic expansions toward western Eurasia but also recent movements towards the Iranian region from western Eurasia (R1b-L23), Central Asia (Q-M25), Asia Minor (J2a-M92) and southern Mesopotamia (J1-Page08). In spite of the presence of important geographic barriers (Zagros and Alborz mountain ranges, and the Dasht-e Kavir and Dash-e Lut deserts) which may have limited gene flow, AMOVA analysis revealed that language, in addition to geography, has played an important role in shaping the nowadays Iranian gene pool. Overall, this study provides a portrait of the Y-chromosomal variation in Iran, useful for depicting a more comprehensive history of the peoples of this area as well as for reconstructing ancient migration routes. In addition, our results evidence the important role of the Iranian plateau as source and recipient of gene flow between culturally and genetically distinct population

IMPLEMENTASI HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT DALAM MENGELOLA KONFLIK ANTAR KARYAWAN DI PT X

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami implementasi Human Resource Development (HRD) dalam mengelola konflik antar karyawan di PT. X. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah penelitian kualitatif deskriptif dengan metode studi kasus. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara mendalam dengan pihak HRD perusahaan, serta dokumentasi dan observasi terbatas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa strategi penyelesaian konflik di perusahaan ini bersifat desentralistik, di mana sebagian besar konflik diselesaikan di tingkat cabang oleh kepala cabang, tanpa keterlibatan langsung dari HRD pusat. HRD lebih berperan sebagai fasilitator jika konflik tidak terselesaikan secara internal atau melibatkan isu hubungan industrial. Selain itu, HRD lebih menekankan pendekatan preventif melalui penguatan budaya kerja, pelatihan soft skill, dan kegiatan sosial informal seperti gathering. Pendekatan ini bertujuan menciptakan suasana kerja yang harmonis, sehingga dapat mencegah konflik sejak dini. Meskipun dinilai cukup efektif, HRD belum memiliki kebijakan tertulis, program khusus, atau sistem evaluasi formal terkait manajemen konflik. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa konflik belum menjadi fokus strategis dalam pengembangan SDM perusahaan. Namun, dengan semakin berkembangnya organisasi, penting bagi perusahaan untuk mulai merancang sistem manajemen konflik yang terstruktur dan terukur. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi acuan bagi perusahaan dalam mengembangkan kebijakan HRD yang lebih adaptif dan proaktif dalam menghadapi dinamika hubungan kerja

ANALISA KUALITAS OLI TERHADAP JARAK TEMPUH OPERASIONAL DAN EMISI GAS BUANG MESIN SEPEDA MOTOR MENGGUNAKAN MINYAK JARAK (CASTOR OIL) DENGAN PENAMBAHAN OIL ADDITIVE (HEXAGONAL BORON NITRIDE DAN CERAMIC TECHNOLOGY)

Pelumasan memiliki peranan penting pada mesin dan peralatan yang didalamnya terdapat suatu komponen yang saling bergesekan yaitu sebagai pengaman agar tidak terjadi kerusakan yang fatal. Pelumas bio berbasis minyak nabati dapat memenuhi semua tuntutan baik dari fungsi maupun lingkungan. Saat ini regulasi emisi Euro IV sudah mulai diberlakukan sejak 2018 lalu tentang baku mutu emisi gas buag kendaraan bermotor. Kondisi seperti itu yang menuntut produsen pelumas di penjuru dunia harus menciptakan minyak pelumas yang sesuai standart Euro IV. Banyak produsen minyak pelumas yang mengembangkan dari bahan dasar mineral menggantinya menjadi bahan dasar nabati. Namun secara langsung tidak dapat dilakukan karena memiliki nilai kekentalan kinematik yang rendah dibandingkan dengan minyak bumi mineral dengan begitu harus dicampur dengan aditif untuk menaikan sifat kekentalan minyak nabati pada pengujian ini. Pada penelitian ini mesin uji yang digunakan yaitu mesin 4- langkah SOHC dengan 2-katup pada sepeda motor Honda Revo Fit 110 cc tahun 2018. Minyak jarak murni dan yang ditambahkan aditif digunakan secara langsung sebagai oli pelumas sampai jarak operasional mesin masing-masingnya 1125 km. Tujuan dari pengujian untuk mengetahui kinerja minyak pelumas dan penurunan kualitas dari oli pelumas. Hasil dari penelitian mengalami Keadan minyak pelumas setelah pemakaian mengalami penurunan rapat massa pada suhu 40℃ dan 100℃ setelah jarak tempuh operasional dari mesin, rapat massa sebesar 591,99 kg/m3 menjadi 436,92 kg/m3 pada suhu 40℃ dan 563,87 kg/m3 menjadi 413,09 kg/m3 pada suhu 100. Untuk kekentalan kinematik mengalami penurunan yang cukup signifikan pada suhu 40℃ maupun suhu 100℃. 51,43 cSt menjadi 42,31 cSt pada suhu 40℃ dan mengalami kenaikan 16,72 cSt menjadi 22,36 cSt pada suhu 100℃ untuk minyak nabati murni. Untuk nilai pH mengalami penurunan dari dari pH 7,8 menjadi 5,7 yang sudah mendekati asam kuat oli pelumas sudah harus diganti. Pengambilan sampel oli sebanyak 10 ml disetiap jarak tempuh 75 km sampai jarak pengujian 1125 km membuat oli berkurang sebanyak 150 ml

Whole mitochondrial genomes unveil the impact of domestication on goat matrilineal variability

Background: The current extensive use of the domestic goat (Capra hircus) is the result of its medium size and high adaptability as multiple breeds. The extent to which its genetic variability was influenced by early domestication practices is largely unknown. A common standard by which to analyze maternally-inherited variability of livestock species is through complete sequencing of the entire mitogenome (mitochondrial DNA, mtDNA). Results: We present the first extensive survey of goat mitogenomic variability based on 84 complete sequences selected from an initial collection of 758 samples that represent 60 different breeds of C. hircus, as well as its wild sister species, bezoar (Capra aegagrus) from Iran. Our phylogenetic analyses dated the most recent common ancestor of C. hircus to ~460,000 years (ka) ago and identified five distinctive domestic haplogroups (A, B1, C1a, D1 and G). More than 90 % of goats examined were in haplogroup A. These domestic lineages are predominantly nested within C. aegagrus branches, diverged concomitantly at the interface between the Epipaleolithic and early Neolithic periods, and underwent a dramatic expansion starting from ~12–10 ka ago. Conclusions: Domestic goat mitogenomes descended from a small number of founding haplotypes that underwent domestication after surviving the last glacial maximum in the Near Eastern refuges. All modern haplotypes A probably descended from a single (or at most a few closely related) female C. aegagrus. Zooarchaelogical data indicate that domestication first occurred in Southeastern Anatolia. Goats accompanying the first Neolithic migration waves into the Mediterranean were already characterized by two ancestral A and C variants. The ancient separation of the C branch (~130 ka ago) suggests a genetically distinct population that could have been involved in a second event of domestication. The novel diagnostic mutational motifs defined here, which distinguish wild and domestic haplogroups, could be used to understand phylogenetic relationships among modern breeds and ancient remains and to evaluate whether selection differentially affected mitochondrial genome variants during the development of economically important breeds

Studi Pengecoran Aluminium Dengan Metode Sand Casting Dan Centrifugal Casting Terhadap Komposisi Kimia, Massa Jenis, Porositas Dan Struktur Mikro

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of sand casting and centrifugal casting methods on, chemical composition, porosity, massa jenis and microstructure with the main material used aluminum piston. In this study using the Sand Casting and centrifugal casting methods with pouring temperatures at 750 ° C and rotating speed of centrifugal casting motors of 700 rpm. Chemical composition testing using Emmision Spectrometry (ASTM E-1251). Calculation of massa jenis is done by calculating the mass and volume of the cast. Observation of porosity is done by macro photography using a digital microscope. Testing the microstructure of the results of castings using a metallographic microscope (ASTM E3-11). Chemical composition testing results show that this material contains composition (Al) 85.20%, (Si) 11.34%, (Cu) 1.499%, (Ni) 1.1024%, (Fe) 0.5736% and elements others, according to ASTM B-85-03 standards are classified into Aluminum Al-Si (Aluminum - Silicon) A413.0. The results of the calculation of massa jenis and porosity in sand casting have a massa jenis value of 2.6631 gr / cm3, while for the centrifugal casting method of 2.7054 gr / cm3. It can be concluded that the massa jenis affects the amount of porosity, the higher the massa jenis value, the less porosity that occurs. The results of the observation of the micro structure consists of α (Al) and β (Si) phases. In the Sand Casting casting method, it can be seen that the β (Si) phase has a large and more tenuous shape. In Centrifugal Die Casting the β (Si) phase is smaller and more eve

Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and mortality of HIV, 1980–2017, and forecasts to 2030, for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017

Background Understanding the patterns of HIV/AIDS epidemics is crucial to tracking and monitoring the progress of prevention and control efforts in countries. We provide a comprehensive assessment of the levels and trends of HIV/AIDS incidence, prevalence, mortality, and coverage of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for 1980–2017 and forecast these estimates to 2030 for 195 countries and territories. Methods We determined a modelling strategy for each country on the basis of the availability and quality of data. For countries and territories with data from population-based seroprevalence surveys or antenatal care clinics, we estimated prevalence and incidence using an open-source version of the Estimation and Projection Package—a natural history model originally developed by the UNAIDS Reference Group on Estimates, Modelling, and Projections. For countries with cause-specific vital registration data, we corrected data for garbage coding (ie, deaths coded to an intermediate, immediate, or poorly defined cause) and HIV misclassification. We developed a process of cohort incidence bias adjustment to use information on survival and deaths recorded in vital registration to back-calculate HIV incidence. For countries without any representative data on HIV, we produced incidence estimates by pulling information from observed bias in the geographical region. We used a re-coded version of the Spectrum model (a cohort component model that uses rates of disease progression and HIV mortality on and off ART) to produce age-sex-specific incidence, prevalence, and mortality, and treatment coverage results for all countries, and forecast these measures to 2030 using Spectrum with inputs that were extended on the basis of past trends in treatment scale-up and new infections. Findings Global HIV mortality peaked in 2006 with 1·95 million deaths (95% uncertainty interval 1·87–2·04) and has since decreased to 0·95 million deaths (0·91–1·01) in 2017. New cases of HIV globally peaked in 1999 (3·16 million, 2·79–3·67) and since then have gradually decreased to 1·94 million (1·63–2·29) in 2017. These trends, along with ART scale-up, have globally resulted in increased prevalence, with 36·8 million (34·8–39·2) people living with HIV in 2017. Prevalence of HIV was highest in southern sub-Saharan Africa in 2017, and countries in the region had ART coverage ranging from 65·7% in Lesotho to 85·7% in eSwatini. Our forecasts showed that 54 countries will meet the UNAIDS target of 81% ART coverage by 2020 and 12 countries are on track to meet 90% ART coverage by 2030. Forecasted results estimate that few countries will meet the UNAIDS 2020 and 2030 mortality and incidence targets. Interpretation Despite progress in reducing HIV-related mortality over the past decade, slow decreases in incidence, combined with the current context of stagnated funding for related interventions, mean that many countries are not on track to reach the 2020 and 2030 global targets for reduction in incidence and mortality. With a growing population of people living with HIV, it will continue to be a major threat to public health for years to come. The pace of progress needs to be hastened by continuing to expand access to ART and increasing investments in proven HIV prevention initiatives that can be scaled up to have population-level impact

Eksperimen Pengaruh Variasi Konsentrasi Eugenol oil sebagai Aditif Bahan Bakar n-Heptane Terhadap Properties Bahan Bakar Minyak

Saat ini jumlah kendaraan bermotor semakin meningkat sehingga mengharuskan produsen bahan bakar minyak untuk memproduksi bahan bakar yang semakin banyak pula. Oleh karena itu banyak peneliti yang berlomba-lomba untuk menghemat bahan bakar dengan menambahkan zat aditif seperti TEL dan MTBE, namun penggunaan kedua zat aditif tersebut berbahaya sehingga dilarang penggunaannya oleh pemerintah. Pada penelitian ini akan dilakukan penambahan zat aditif yang terbuat dari bahan alami yaitu eugenol oil yang terdapat pada ekstrak kulit buah jeruk yang akan dicampur dengan bahan bakar n-heptane untuk meningkatkan sifat fisik atau karakteristik dari bahan bakar n-heptane tersebut. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan secara eksperimental. Eugenol oil akan dicampur dengan n- Heptane pada berbandingan volume konsentrasi 0%, 1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, 10%, 30%, 50% dan 80% yang kemudian diuji properti bahan bakarnya yang mencakup sifat kimia dan sifat fisik. Setiap penambahan konsentrasi aditif mengalami kenaikan hasil senyawa yang terkadung dan sifat fisiknya, pada perbandingan dari setiap konsentrasi, konsentrasi 30% dan 80% hampir memenuhi standar hidrokarbon kategori 2 dan 6 sedangkan pada perbandingan densitas konsentrasi 10% dan 30% memenuhi batas maksimal dan minimal. Kemudian viskositas konsentrasi 10% sampai 50% cenderung mendekati viskositas bensin sedangkan hasil flashpoint megalami peningkatan yang dipengaruhi oleh gaya van der walls yang ditinjau dari hasil chemical properties. Sedangkan hasil nilai kalor pada konsentrasi 30%, 50% dan 80% cenderung sama dan lebih besar dibandingkan nilai kalor bahan bakar lainnya sehingga dengan penambahan aditif pada bahan baku bensin dapat menjadi sebuah keunggulan pada properties bahan bakarny

Bali Economic, Mobility, Transportation and Hotels to The end of 2021 Tren

Purpose: Based on the Bali Economic Quarterly Development document for the second quarter of 2021 by BPS, the Covid-19 pandemic has become a greater distortion when compared to past events in the Province of Bali. The economic crisis in 1998, the Bali Bombing I in 2002, the Bali Bombing II in 2005, and the eruption of Mount Agung in 2017 can have a lighter impact Design/methodology/approach: Restrictions on transportation routes and calls to stay at home recommended throughout the country should negatively shock the tourism sector Findings: This number experienced a decrease of 7 visits or a decrease of -28.00 percent compared to the previous quarter. The decline in Bali tourism on a quarter to quarter basis is also in line with year on year conditions. Paper type: Research pape

Pengembangan Model Indek Kekeringan Hidrologi Berdasarkan Volumetrik waduk

Phenomena perubahan iklim global hampir terjadi diseluruh belahan dunia dan berdampak pada berbagai sektor kehidupan di bumi. El-Nino merupakan salah satu bencana alam akibat dari terjadinya perubahan iklim global. Peristiwa El-Nino ditandai dengan meningkatnya suhu permukaan air laut dan berkurangnya curah hujan yang terjadi. Pada saat peristiwa El-Nino, terjadi suatu kondisi berkurangnya pasokan dan ketersediaan air yang dibutuhkan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan air multi sektor. Badan air berupa sungai, danau, waduk dan air bawah permukaan menjadi defisit. Pada saat tersebut juga terjadi peningkatan kebutuhan air sehingga terjadi ketidak seimbangan antara ketersediaan dan kebutuhan

Prioritizing orphan proteins for further study using phylogenomics and gene expression profiles in Streptomyces coelicolor

BACKGROUND:Streptomyces coelicolor, a model organism of antibiotic producing bacteria, has one of the largest genomes of the bacterial kingdom, including 7825 predicted protein coding genes. A large number of these genes, nearly 34%, are functionally orphan (hypothetical proteins with unknown function). However, in gene expression time course data, many of these functionally orphan genes show interesting expression patterns.RESULTS:In this paper, we analyzed all functionally orphan genes of Streptomyces coelicolor and identified a list of "high priority" orphans by combining gene expression analysis and additional phylogenetic information (i.e. the level of evolutionary conservation of each protein).CONCLUSIONS:The prioritized orphan genes are promising candidates to be examined experimentally in the lab for further characterization of their functio