How Production Firms Adapt to War: e Case of Liberia

How do production firms adapt to civil war? The answer to this question will inform the potential for economic development during and after conflict. Many businesses survive violent conflict, and in some cases even thrive. Understanding these successes will help policymakers to support the “coping economy” during civil wars, and to understand better the post-conflict economy as a system. In this paper I use the case of production firms operating in Liberia’s capital, Monrovia, during the country’s civil war to argue that successful wartime firms continually adapt their supply chain structures in response to a shifting combat frontier by dispersing their functions spatially and temporally. Such adaptability depends on the rapid gathering (via business networks) and processing (at the place of production) of information. This contention represents a micro-level explanation for, and also a conditioning of, the generally accepted view that industries that survive civil war tend to be non-capital intensive and non-trade intensive.production firms, civil war, conflict economics, post-conflict recovery, economic resiliency, Liberia

Alien Registration- Macdougal, John (Bath, Sagadahoc County)

https://digitalmaine.com/alien_docs/9065/thumbnail.jp

Adipose Tissue\u27s Potential Role as a Reproductive or Lactation Endocrine Gland

While adipose tissue secretes hormones related to nutrition and metabolism, a few studies have provided evidence suggesting a direct reproductive role from adipose-derived products. The goal of this study was to determine if adipose tissue serves as a reproductive or lactation endocrine gland. Adipose tissue was associated with the reproductive tract of mature female cows in two locations, mesosalpinx and mesometrium (tissues supporting the oviduct and uterus, respectively), in varying amounts. Using quantitative polymerase chain reaction on a non-descript pool of cows, LHβ, CGA, PRL, FST, and LEP transcripts were demonstrated to be present in mesosalpinx, subcutaneous, visceral, and peri-renal adipose depots. Subsequent efforts aimed to determine the influence of adiposity on transcript abundance. Body condition score was used to separate cows into two adiposity groups, which were confirmed by adipocyte size. Adiposity did not influence the abundance of LHβ, but the CGA transcript was influenced by the adiposity by depot interaction. The PRL transcript was also not influenced by adiposity. The FST transcript was more abundant in BCS 3 cows, while LEP was more abundant in BCS 6 cows. Protein efforts utilizing an RIA revealed the presence of luteinizing hormone in all four adipose depots. Using an antibody against purified pituitary-derived prolactin, a band was detected in 6/9 mesosalpinx adipose depots similar in size to that observed in the pituitary. Presence of transcripts and hormones in adipose tissue provides the framework necessary for adipose to be a reproductive or lactation endocrine gland, though secretion would also be required. Secretion of such hormones by specific adipose depots could provide local effects to nearby tissues

Case 282 Stipulation to Resolve

Stipulation between the Klamath Tribes, the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs, and Contestant PaficiCorp and the Oregon Water Resources Department to resolve numerous claims and contests in Klamath Basin Adjudication

Case 282 Stipulation to Resolve

Stipulation between the Klamath Tribes, the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs, and Contestant PaficiCorp and the Oregon Water Resources Department to resolve numerous claims and contests in Klamath Basin Adjudication

THE CHANGING ECONOMIC SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF EUROPE

Many theoretical and practical works aim at describing the spatial structure of Europe, where spatial relations have undergone continuous change. This article gives an overview of models describing the spatial structure of Europe. Their diversity is highlighted by listing of these models, without any claim to completeness. Our study aims at describing the economic spatial structure of Europe with bi-dimensional regression analysis based on the gravitational model. With the help of the gravity model, we get a spatial image of the spatial structure of Europe. With these images, we can justify the appropriateness of the models based on different methodological backgrounds by comparing them with our results. Our goal is not to create and show a new model that overwrites the existing ones, but rather to contribute to understanding the European spatial structure through a new methodological approach

Effects of Canopy Connectivity on Ant Community Assembly on a Shaded, Organic Coffee Farm

Canopy connectivity influences foraging, dispersal, and competition in arboreal ant species, with implications for ant community assembly. Connectivity among the crowns of shade trees varies greatly with agricultural intensification in agroforestry systems, where some ant species have been shown to act as biological control agents against agricultural pests. Understanding how canopy connectivity affects arboreal ant communities could aid in the development of management practices that maximize biological control services from arboreal ant species. I used a manipulation of connectivity between the crowns of large shade trees to investigate the effects of canopy connectivity on arboreal ant species richness, composition, and co-occurrence rates in a coffee agroecosystem. Further, I examined the effects of the major dominant arboreal ant species, Azteca sericeasur, on ant species density and composition on trunks and crowns of upper shade trees. A linear mixed-effects analysis showed that the number of species observed at baits set in tree crowns increased significantly after the crowns had been connected with nylon ropes (p = 0.028). In trees occupied by A. sericeasur , lower numbers of species were observed at baits even in the crown (p = 0.067). Crowns that were connected increased in similarity of ant species composition, particularly between adjacent connected crowns. Composition also significantly differed between both trunks (P = 0.003) and crowns (P = 0.014) that contained A. sericeasur nests and those that did not. Overall C-scores combined with an analysis of co-occurrence rates of individual pairs of species indicate that this arboreal ant community is not characterized by high rates of segregation, and pairwise competitive interactions are not among the most important forces structuring community assembly here. In timed observations of connecting lines between tree crowns, only arboreal-nesting ant species were recorded, reinforcing the idea that canopy connections are most significant to strictly arboreal species. Connectivity may increase the number of species present in tree crowns by allowing ants to disperse and forage in the canopy while bypassing trunks with more aggressive, territorial species. While the keystone ant A. sericeasur makes heavy use of connections within lower vegetative strata, I found that other species, such as twig-nesting species, are more likely to make use of connections in the canopy above 11 m. Because some twig-nesting species in the upper crown have been shown to act as biological control agents, an increase in species density in tree crowns could have positive implications for agricultural pest control services.Master of ScienceSchool for Environment and SustainabilityUniversity of Michiganhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/150643/1/MacDougal_fern_Thesis.pd

Selected colorfastness properties of ten natural dyes

Dandelion roots, dock roots, English walnut hulls, eucalyptus bark, eucalyptus hulls, eucalyptus leaves, juniper berries, mistletoe, kelp and onion skins were the natural dye materials selected for this study. Five colorfastness tests were performed using these ten natural dyes and four mordants. The study was designed to obtain qualitative information on the colorfastness properties of the ten natural dyes to light, laundering, crocking, perspiration and drycleaning and to determine the effect of the mordants on these colorfastness properties. Alum, chrome, iron and tin were the mordants used. For the most part, the ten natural dyes rated satisfactory on the crocking, laundering, drycleaning and perspiration tests. A few dye/mordant combinations rated satisfactory to light. These included: juniper berries mordanted with tin, mordanted English walnut hulls, eucalyptus hulls and leaves mordanted with iron, eucalyptus bark mordanted with chrome and iron plus all kelp samples except those mordanted with tin. The lightfastness of dock roots, mistletoe and eucalyptus hulls was poor. Generally, colorfastness was increased by applying mordants. Iron mordanted samples averaged lower ratings than the other mordanted samples on all colorfastness tests except light and averaged lower ratings the the unmordanted samples on the crocking and laundering tests. Alum, tin and chrome did very well on the colorfastness tests except for lightfastness, in which case they did average compared with the other samples.Includes bibliographical references (pages 59-62)California State University, Northridge. Department of Home Economics