Theory of winds in late-type evolved and pre-main-sequence stars

Recent observational results confirm that many of the physical processes which are known to occur in the Sun also occur among late-type stars in general. One such process is the continuous loss of mass from a star in the form of a wind. There now exists an abundance of either direct or circumstantial evidence which suggests that most (if not all) stars in the cool portion of the HR diagram possess winds. An attempt is made to assess the current state of theoretical understanding of mass loss from two distinctly different classes of late-type stars: the post-main-sequence giant/supergiant stars and the pre-main-sequence T Tauri stars. Toward this end, the observationally inferred properties of the wind associated with each of the two stellar classes under consideration are summarized and compared against the predictions of existing theoretical models. Although considerable progress has been made in attempting to identify the mechanisms responsible for mass loss from cool stars, many fundamental problems remain to be solved

On the Interaction of Internal Gravity Waves with Magnetic Field II. Convective Forcing

We present results from numerical simulations of the interaction of internal gravity waves (IGW) with magnetic fields in the radiative interior of the Sun. In this second paper, the waves are forced self-consistently by an overlying convection zone and a toroidal magnetic field is imposed in the stably stratified layer just underneath convection zone. Consistent with the results of previous analytic and simple numerical calculations, we find a strong wave-field interaction, in which waves are reflected in the field region. The wave-field interaction and wave reflection depend on the field strength as well as adopted values of the diffusivities. In some cases wave reflection leads to an increased mean flow in the field region. In addition to reproducing some of the features of our simpler models, we find additional complex behaviour in these more complete and realistic calculations.Comment: accepted at MNRAS, 16 figure

Drug and Alcohol Studies (Volume 6: Current trends, continuing issues and new challenges)

VOLUME SIX: CURRENT TRENDS, CONTINUING ISSUES AND NEW CHALLENGES Toward a Global View of Alcohol, Tobacco, Cannabis and Cocaine Use Louisa Degenhardt et al Findings from the WHO World Mental Health Surveys Global Burden of Disease and Injury and Economic Cost Attributable to Alcohol Use and Alcohol-Use Disorders Jürgen Rehm et al Cannabis Supply and Demand Reduction Thoroddur Bjarnason, Andreea Steriu and Anna Kokkevi Evidence from the ESPAD Study of Adolescents in 31 European Countries Gender and Alcohol Consumption: Patterns from the Multinational Genacis Project Richard Wilsnack et al. Drugs and Development Merrill Singer The Global Impact of Drug Use and Trafficking on Social and Economic Development 'Idle and Disorderly' Khat Users in Western Uganda Susan Beckerleg Harm Reduction Axel Klein The Right Policy Approach for Africa? Alcohol Use and Its Consequences in South India K. Mohindra et al Views from a Marginalized Tribal Population Not Good Enough to Be Pregnant Sheigla Murphy and Marsha Rosenbaum Is Cannabis a Contributory Cause of Psychosis? Louisa Degenhardt and Wayne Hall Key Findings in A Report on Global Illicit Drug Markets, 1998-2007 Peter Reuter and Franz Trautmann Medicine and the Epidemic of Incarceration in the United States Josiah Rich, Sarah Wakeman and Samuel Dickman Waking up to Sleepiness Simon Williams et al Modafinil, the Media and the Pharmaceuticalization of Everyday/Night Life The Promotion and Marketing of OxyContin Art Van Zee Commercial Triumph, Public Health Tragedy Is Deep Brain Stimulation a Prospective 'Cure' for Addiction? Wayne Hall and Adrian Carter 'Executive Summary and Recommendations' and 'Introduction' in Our Invisible Addicts: First Report of the Older Persons' Substance Misuse Working Group of the Royal College of Psychiatrists Royal College of Psychiatrist

Drug and Alcohol Studies (Volume 1: Historical and Cultural Studies)

VOLUME ONE: HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL STUDIES Mr ATOD's Wild Ride David Courtwright What Do Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drugs Have in Common? Opium, Cocaine and Marijuana in American History David Musto Morality and Medical Science Virginia Berridge Concepts of Narcotic Addiction in Britain, 1820-1926 The Discovery of Addiction Harry Levine Changing Conceptions of Habitual Drunkenness in America Stable Force in a Storm Douglas Kinder and William Walker III Harry J. Aslinger and United States Narcotic Policy, 1930-1962 Alcohol and the State in Nazi Germany, 1933-1945 Hermann Fahrenkrug Coercion and Its Unintended Consequences Alfred McCoy A Study of Heroin Trafficking in South-East and South-West Asia Intoxication and Bad Behaviour Robin Room Understanding Cultural Differences in the Link Slavery from within Mariana Valverde The Invention of Alcoholism and the Question of Free Will Narcotic Use in South-East Asia and afterward Lee Robins, John Helzer and Darlene Davis An Interview Study of 898 Vietnam Returnees New Perspectives on the 'Prohibition Experiment' of the 1920s J. Burnham Opium Smoking in Late Imperial China R. Newman A Reconsideration Between Culture and Nature Pekka Sulkunen Intoxication in Cultural Studies of Alcohol and Drug Us

Drug and Alcohol Studies (Volume 5: Interventions)

VOLUME FIVE: INTERVENTIONS Natural Recovery from Alcohol Problems Harald Klingemann School-Based Programmes to Prevent Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drug Use Gilbert Botvin and Kenneth Griffin Community Prevention of Alcohol Problems Harold Holder Can Screening and Brief Intervention Lead to Population-Level Reductions in Alcohol-Related Harm? Nick Heather Sharpening the Focus of Alcohol Policy from Aggregate Consumption to Harm and Risk Reduction Tim Stockwell et al A Review of the Efficacy and Effectiveness of Harm Reduction Strategies for Alcohol, Tobacco and Illicit Drugs Alison Ritter and Jacqui Cameron 10 Years of Experience with Needle and Syringe Exchange Programmes in European Prisons Heino Stover and Joachim Nelles Motivational Interviewing William Miller Research, Practice and Puzzles Controlled Drinking after 25 Years Mark Sobell and Linda Sobell How Important Was the Great Debate? Matching Alcoholism Treatment to Client Heterogeneity Project MATCH Research Group Project MATCH Post-Treatment Drinking Outcomes How Can Cognitive Therapy Help? Aaron Beck et al A Medical Treatment for Diacetylmorphine (Heroin) Addiction Vincent Dole and Marie Nyswander A Clinical Trial with Methadone Hydrochloride Is Treatment for Substance Abuse Effective? A. Thomas McLellan et al From Morphine Clinics to Buprenorphine Jerome Jaffe and Charles O'Keeffe Regulating Opioid Agonist Treatment of Addiction in the United States Heroin-Assisted Treatment (HAT) a Decade Later Benedikt Fischer et al A Brief Update on Science and Politic

A comparison of UK equity and property duration

This paper considers the duration of property and equity. A general formula for duration of asset classes is derived. It is shown that calculations which assume, usually implicitly, that the flow-through of inflation to cash flow is zero, produce misleadingly high durations for property and equities. These are typically in the range 15 to 25 years. Simulations using the formulae show that property has some bond-like characteristics. The results indicate that, for realistic flow-through rates, equities have a higher duration than property. The flow-through rate is the most important variable in the estimation of equities. Using historical data, equity duration is estimated at 8.65 years and property’s at 3.15 years. These are substantially lower than those commonly cited. If these values can be substantiated, and if higher values are used in practice, portfolio immunisation strategies may need to be reconsidered

Asymmetric adjustment in the City of London office market

Earlier estimates of the City of London office market are extended by considering a longer time series of data, covering two cycles, and by explicitly modeling of asymmetric space market responses to employment and supply shocks. A long run structural model linking real rental levels, office-based employment and the supply of office space is estimated and then rental adjustment processes are modeled using an error correction model framework. Rental adjustment is seen to be asymmetric, depending both on the direction of the supply and demand shocks and on the state of the space market at the time of the shock. Vacancy adjustment does not display asymmetries. There is also a supply adjustment equation. Two three-equation systems, one with symmetric rental adjustment and the other with asymmetric adjustment, are subjected to positive and negative shocks to employment. These illustrate differences in the two systems

Data quality predicts care quality: findings from a national clinical audit

Background: Missing clinical outcome data are a common occurrence in longitudinal studies. Data quality in clinical audit is a particular cause for concern. The relationship between departmental levels of missing clinical outcome data and care quality is not known. We hypothesise that completeness of key outcome data in a national audit predicts departmental performance. Methods: The National Clinical Audit for Rheumatoid and Early Inflammatory Arthritis (NCAREIA) collected data on care of patients with suspected rheumatoid arthritis (RA) from early 2014 to late 2015. This observational cohort study collected data on patient demographics, departmental variables, service quality measures including time to treatment, and the key RA clinical outcome measure, disease activity at baseline, and 3 months follow-up. A mixed effects model was conducted to identify departments with high/low proportions of missing baseline disease activity data with the results plotted on a caterpillar graph. A mixed effects model was conducted to assess if missing baseline disease activity predicted prompt treatment. Results: Six thousand two hundred five patients with complete treatment time data and a diagnosis of RA were recruited from 136 departments. 34.3% had missing disease activity at baseline. Mixed effects modelling identified 13 departments with high levels of missing disease activity, with a cluster observed in the Northwest of England. Missing baseline disease activity was associated with not commencing treatment promptly in an adjusted mix effects model, odds ratio 0.50 (95% CI 0.41 to 0.61, p < 0.0001). Conclusions: We have shown that poor engagement in a national audit program correlates with the quality of care provided. Our findings support the use of data completeness as an additional service quality indicator

Drug and Alcohol Studies (Volume 3: Methods and Measurements)

The field of drug and alcohol studies has expanded rapidly in recent years, with estimates of at least a doubling in the number of publications in the past decades. A feature of this wide and multidisciplinary field is the tendency of sub-groups of scholars to operate within their disciplinary silos, paying only token attention to the contributions of others. There are also, naturally, significant differences in approaches of different countries, reflecting different policy frameworks and cultural perspectives. When faced with these challenges to comprehensive study, a publication such as this new six-volume collection - which aims to bring together the various disparate strands of the topic, including key articles written by scholars from across the globe, disciplines and decades - truly proves itself to be a unique and valuable resource for specialist students and researchers in the field. VOLUME THREE: METHODS AND MEASUREMENTS Evaluation of Heroin Maintenance in a Controlled Trial Richard Hartnoll et al Cost-Benefit Analysis of Drug Treatment Services William Cartwright Review of the Literature The National Treatment Outcome Research Study (NTORS) Michael Gossop et al Four to Five-Year Follow-up Results Scientific and Political Challenges in North America's First Randomized Controlled Trial of Heroin-Assisted Treatment for Severe Heroin Addiction Eugenia Oviedo-Joekes et al Rationale and Design of the NAOMI Study Co-Morbidity of Mental Disorders with Alcohol and Other Drug Abuse Darrel A. Regier et al Results from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) Study Alcohol Consumption and Injury in Western Australia Richard Midford et al A Spatial Correlation Analysis Using Geographic Information Systems Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) J. Saunders et al WHO Collaborative Project on Early Detection of Persons with Harmful Alcohol Consumption Unravelling the Preventive Paradox for Acute Alcohol Problems Tim Stockwell et al Assessing Alcohol Consumption Lee Strunin Developments from Qualitative Research Methods Measuring Alcohol-Related Consequences in School Surveys Gerhard Gmel et al Alcohol Attributable Consequences or Consequences with Students' Alcohol Attribution Rapid Assessment and Response Studies of Injecting Drug Use Gerry Stimson et al Knowledge Gain, Capacity-Building and Intervention Development in a Multisite Study The Application of Ethnography with Reference to Harm Reduction in Sverdiovsk Russia Robert Power Putting It in Context Nicholas Jenkins et al The Use of Vignettes in Qualitative Interviewing Development of a Rational Scale to Assess the Harms of Drugs of Potential Misuse David Nutt et al The Clinical Utility of Brain SPECT Imaging in Process Addictions Daniel Amen, Kristen Willeumier and Robert Johnso