To Advance Their Opportunities: Federal Policies Toward African American Workers from World War I to the Civil Rights Act of 1964

https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_newfound-ebooks/1008/thumbnail.jp

Wirtschaftspolitik und wirtschaftliche Aussichten in den Industrieländern

Der vorliegende Bericht, der neunte in dieser Reihe, ist das Ergebnis einer Konferenz unabhängiger Ökonomen aus Japan, Westeuropa und Nordamerika. Wie auch im letzten Jahr, stand die Wirtschaftspolitik, die in den Ländern dieser drei Regionen betrieben wurde, im Mittelpunkt der Gespräche. Die Konferenz fand vom 2. -4. November 1977 bei der Brookings Institution in Washington unter dem Vorsitz des Unterzeichneten statt und wurde vom Institut für Weltwirtschaft, dem Japan Economic Research Center und der Brookings Institution gefördert. Die wirtschaftspolitischen Ergebnisse dieser Tagung wurden in einer Pressemitteilung zusammengefaßt und veröffentlicht. Dieser Bericht gibt Auskunft über den Hintergrund, auf dem die wirtschaftspolitischen Empfehlungen zustande kamen. Der erste Abschnitt beschreibt die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung während des vergangenen Jahres in jeder der drei Regionen. Dabei wird der Tatsache Rechnung getragen, daß die wirtschaftliche Entwicklung dieser Länder sowohl Gemeinsamkeiten als auch Unterschiede aufweist. Anschließend wird ein Ausblick für das kommende Jahr gegeben, und die wechselseitigen Einflüsse zwischen den Regionen werden kurz untersucht. Danach folgt eine Diskussion jener Probleme, die in allen oder zumindest den meisten Ländern bestehen und einer befriedigenderen wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung im Wege stehen. Der Bericht endet mit der Darstellung der wirtschaftspolitischen Empfehlungen der Gruppe. Die Tagung und dieser Bericht wurden durch die Förderung durch den German Marshall Fund ermöglicht, dessen Präsident, Robert Gerald Livingston, der Konferenz beiwohnte. Die Teilnehmer der Konferenz, die die wirtschaftspolitischen Empfehlungen erarbeiteten, taten dies im eigenen Namen, nicht aber für die Institute, denen sie angehören. Dieser Bericht wird in Europa vom Institut für Weltwirtschaft, in Japan vom Japan Economic Research Center und in Nordamerika von der Brookings Institution publiziert. --

A State-Wide Union Catalog Feasibility Study: Final Report on Project III-D FY 1976

Coordinated Science Laboratory was formerly known as Control Systems Laborator

Aging in language dynamics

Human languages evolve continuously, and a puzzling problem is how to reconcile the apparent robustness of most of the deep linguistic structures we use with the evidence that they undergo possibly slow, yet ceaseless, changes. Is the state in which we observe languages today closer to what would be a dynamical attractor with statistically stationary properties or rather closer to a non-steady state slowly evolving in time? Here we address this question in the framework of the emergence of shared linguistic categories in a population of individuals interacting through language games. The observed emerging asymptotic categorization, which has been previously tested - with success - against experimental data from human languages, corresponds to a metastable state where global shifts are always possible but progressively more unlikely and the response properties depend on the age of the system. This aging mechanism exhibits striking quantitative analogies to what is observed in the statistical mechanics of glassy systems. We argue that this can be a general scenario in language dynamics where shared linguistic conventions would not emerge as attractors, but rather as metastable states

Multi-dimensionality and variability in folk classification of stingless bees (Apidae: Meliponini)

Background: Not long ago Eugene Hunn suggested using a combination of cognitive, linguistic, ecological and evolutionary theories in order to account for the dynamic character of ethnoecology in the study of folk classification systems. In this way he intended to question certain homogeneity in folk classifications models and deepen in the analysis and interpretation of variability in folk classifications. This paper studies how a rural culturally mixed population of the Atlantic Forest of Misiones (Argentina) classified honey-producing stingless bees according to the linguistic, cognitive and ecological dimensions of folk classification. We also analyze the socio-ecological meaning of binomialization in naming and the meaning of general local variability in the appointment of stingless bees. Methods: We used three different approaches: the classical approach developed by Brent Berlin which relies heavily on linguistic criteria, the approach developed by Eleonor Rosch which relies on psychological (cognitive) principles of categorization and finally we have captured the ecological dimension of folk classification in local narratives. For the second approximation, we developed ways of measuring the degree of prototypicality based on a total of 107 comparisons of the type "X is similar to Y" identified in personal narratives. Results: Various logical and grouping strategies coexist and were identified as: graded of lateral linkage, hierarchical and functional. Similarity judgments among folk taxa resulted in an implicit logic of classification graded according to taxa's prototypicality. While there is a high agreement on naming stingless bees with monomial names, a considerable number of underrepresented binomial names and lack of names were observed. Two possible explanations about reported local naming variability are presented. Conclusions: We support the multidimensionality of folk classification systems. This confirms the specificity of local classification systems but also reflects the use of grouping strategies and mechanisms commonly observed in other cultural groups, such as the use of similarity judgments between more or less prototypical organisms. Also we support the idea that alternative naming results from a process of fragmentation of knowledge or incomplete transmission of knowledge. These processes lean on the facts that culturally based knowledge, on the one hand, and biologic knowledge of nature on the other, can be acquired through different learning pathways.Fil: Zamudio, Fernando. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (p); ArgentinaFil: Hilgert, Norma Ines. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientiâ­ficas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Nordeste. Instituto de Biologia Subtropical. Instituto de Biologia Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazu; Argentin

NICE : A Computational solution to close the gap from colour perception to colour categorization

The segmentation of visible electromagnetic radiation into chromatic categories by the human visual system has been extensively studied from a perceptual point of view, resulting in several colour appearance models. However, there is currently a void when it comes to relate these results to the physiological mechanisms that are known to shape the pre-cortical and cortical visual pathway. This work intends to begin to fill this void by proposing a new physiologically plausible model of colour categorization based on Neural Isoresponsive Colour Ellipsoids (NICE) in the cone-contrast space defined by the main directions of the visual signals entering the visual cortex. The model was adjusted to fit psychophysical measures that concentrate on the categorical boundaries and are consistent with the ellipsoidal isoresponse surfaces of visual cortical neurons. By revealing the shape of such categorical colour regions, our measures allow for a more precise and parsimonious description, connecting well-known early visual processing mechanisms to the less understood phenomenon of colour categorization. To test the feasibility of our method we applied it to exemplary images and a popular ground-truth chart obtaining labelling results that are better than those of current state-of-the-art algorithms

Data Base Mapping Model and Search Scheme to Facilitate Resource Sharing: Volume 1, Mapping of Chemical Data Bases and Mapping of Data Base Data Elements Using a Rational Data Base Structure

Coordinated Science Laboratory was formerly known as Control Systems LaboratoryNational Science Foundation / NSF SIS 74-1855