Fundamentos de la producción de impresos

Segundo CuatrimestreMateriaPrograma N° 0905Aprobado Resolución N° 2847/202

Fundamentos de la producción de impresos

Segundo CuatrimestreMateriaPrograma N° 0905Aprobado Resolución N° 2174/2

Fundamentos de la producción de impresos

Segundo CuatrimestreMateriaPrograma N° 0905Aprobado Resolución N° 1738/1

Fundamentos de la producción de impresos

Segundo CuatrimestreMateriaPrograma N° 0905Aprobado Resolución N° 3320/1

Podravina - a supplement to the anthropological investigation by the estimation of "biological distances"

Suvremena istraživanja "strukture" ljudskih populacija, koja provodimo u antropologiji kao prirodnoj znanosti, pokušavaju razjasniti procese koji djeluju u određenom prostoru i vremenu na ispitivanje populacije i koji imaju određenog odraza na uobičavanje niza bioloških svojstava ljudskog organizma. Ta istraživanja se u prvom redu odnose na razjašnjavanje pojma eko-senzibilnost bioloških svojstava čovjeka. Imajući u vidu brojne biološke procese koji dovode dio uobličavanja fenotipskih svojstava, moramo prihvatiti činjenicu da studijem kontinuiranih svojstava, analize vršimo na fenotipu, a ne na genomu, te da sa opreznošću moramo prići interpretaciji rezultata kako ne bismo došli do tzv. "logičkih zabluda". Niz pitanja potrebno je postaviti prilikom procjene "bioloških udaljenosti" među ljudskim populacijama i ona nas obvezuju da ukažemo na realnost u mogućnosti tumačenja bioloških procesa koji su ih uvjetovali. Treba napomenuti da ono što možemo smatrati realnim u jednom eko-sustavu ne mora biti istovjetno u nekom drugom. Niz mikroevolucijskih procesa često puta djeluje u istom smjeru, no i različitost njihovog djelovanja mora biti uzeta u obzir, tako je Johnston (1973) kazao: "Čovjek je ne samo dio okoline u kojoj se nalai i u kojoj sudjeluje aditivnim efektom, već u njoj uklopljenim sastavnim dijelovima." Ova nas tvrdnja obavezuje da antropološkim istraživanjima pokušamo razumjeti procese što se tijekom mikrorevolucije zbivaju u/i sa određenom ljudskom skupinom u njihovom totalitetu. Mišljenja smo kako davanje određenih informacija o suvremenim mikroevolucijskim procesima, što se opažaju na populacijama današnje Evrope, ima osobitu vrijednost. Ona se zapaža ne jedino u studiju teorijskih problema vezanih uz mikroevoluciju, a time i antropo- i etno-genezu, već i u proučavanju eko-senzibilnosti pojedinih svojstava ljudskog organizma, a time i u indirektnoj procjeni utjecaja ekoloških faktora na fenotipsku izražajnost različitih bioloških svojstava. Jedan od načina pokušaja objašnjenja postanka varijacija bioloških svojstava ljudskog organizma je procjena i "regionalne strukture" ljudskih populacija i njihove mikroevolucije (Harpending i Jenkins, 1973). Izučavanjem populacijske strukture kroz efekte tzv. "unutarnjih migracija" ili proučavanjem etno-povijesnosti istraživane populacije, i to kroz analizu "stupnja sličnosti" između populacijskih skupina, kada "sličnost" može odražavati ili postojanje zajedničke ancestoralne populacije ili pak intenzivnu izmjenu genetskog materijala između ispitivanih populacija. Ova dva pristupa u integralnom proučavanju populacijske strukture ne možemo razdvojiti, već pokušavamo analizom pojedinih bioloških svojstava i i njihovog udjela u procjeni tzv. "bioloških udaljenosti" ili "sličnosti", te rastumačiti uočene mikroevolucijske procese mogućnostima koje nam stoje na raspolaganju. U pokušaju da istovjetnim pristupom razmotrimo nalaz niza bioloških svojstava nekoliko sub-populacijskih skupina (koje u ovom slučaju čine pojedina sela) želimo izvršiti procjenu "bioloških udaljenosti" u jednom geografskom području za koje postoje podaci o tzv. "stabilnosti" populacije već dugi niz generacija (Feletar, 1973). Istraživanjima u ovom relativno malom i ograničenom geografskom regionu želimo ukazati na neke trendove uobličavanja kontinuiranih bioloških svojstava te populacije

Fundamentos de la producción de impresos

Segundo CuatrimestreMateriaPrograma N° 0905Aprobado Resolución N° 732/2

Fundamentos de la Producción de Impresos

2°CuatrimestreMateriaPrograma N°0905Aprobado Resolución N°1903/1

Prioritizing breast imaging services during the COVID pandemic: A survey of breast imaging facilities within the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium

The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted breast cancer screening and diagnostic imaging in the United States. We sought to evaluate how medical facilities prioritized breast imaging services during periods of reduced capacity or upon re-opening after closures. In fall 2020, we surveyed 77 breast imaging facilities within the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium in the United States. The survey ascertained the pandemic's impact on clinical practices during March-September 2020. Nearly all facilities (97%) reported closing or operating at reduced capacity at some point during this period. All facilities were open by August 2020, though 14% were still operating at reduced capacity in September 2020. During periods of re-opening or reduced capacity, 93% of facilities reported prioritizing diagnostic breast imaging over breast cancer screening. For diagnostic imaging, facilities prioritized based on rescheduling canceled appointments (89%), specific indication for diagnostic imaging (89%), patient demand (84%), individual characteristics and risk factors (77%), and time since last imaging examination (72%). For screening mammography, facilities prioritized based on rescheduled cancelations (96%), patient demand (83%), individual characteristics and risk factors (73%), and time since last mammogram (71%). For biopsy services, more than 90% of facilities reported prioritization based on rescheduling of canceled exams, patient demand, patient characteristics and risk factors and level of suspicion on imaging. The observed patterns from this large and geographically diverse sample of facilities in the United States indicate that multiple factors were commonly used to prioritize breast imaging services during periods of reduced capacity

Breast Biopsy Recommendations and Breast Cancers Diagnosed during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Background The COVID-19 pandemic reduced mammography use, potentially delaying breast cancer diagnoses. Purpose To examine breast biopsy recommendations and breast cancers diagnosed before and during the COVID-19 pandemic by mode of detection (screen detected vs symptomatic) and women's characteristics. Materials and Methods In this secondary analysis of prospectively collected data, monthly breast biopsy recommendations after mammography, US, or both with subsequent biopsy performed were examined from 66 facilities of the Breast Cancer Surveillance Consortium between January 2019 and September 2020. The number of monthly and cumulative biopsies recommended and performed and the number of subsequent cancers diagnosed during the pandemic period (March 2020 to September 2020) were compared with data from the prepandemic period using Wald χ2 tests. Analyses were stratified by mode of detection and race or ethnicity. Results From January 2019 to September 2020, 17 728 biopsies were recommended and performed, with 6009 cancers diagnosed. From March to September 2020, there were substantially fewer breast biopsy recommendations with cancer diagnoses when compared with the same period in 2019 (1650 recommendations in 2020 vs 2171 recommendations in 2019 [24% fewer], P < .001), predominantly due to fewer screen-detected cancers (722 cancers in 2020 vs 1169 cancers in 2019 [38% fewer], P < .001) versus symptomatic cancers (895 cancers in 2020 vs 965 cancers in 2019 [7% fewer], P = .27). The decrease in cancer diagnoses was largest in Asian (67 diagnoses in 2020 vs 142 diagnoses in 2019 [53% fewer], P = .06) and Hispanic (82 diagnoses in 2020 vs 145 diagnoses in 2019 [43% fewer], P = .13) women, followed by Black women (210 diagnoses in 2020 vs 287 diagnoses in 2019 [27% fewer], P = .21). The decrease was smallest in non-Hispanic White women (1128 diagnoses in 2020 vs 1357 diagnoses in 2019 [17% fewer], P = .09). Conclusion There were substantially fewer breast biopsies with cancer diagnoses during the COVID-19 pandemic from March to September 2020 compared with the same period in 2019, with Asian and Hispanic women experiencing the largest declines, followed by Black women