Branchial Circulation in Macropodus Opercularis L.

Author Institution: Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohi

Property which cannot be disposed of or the sphere of privacy or freedom of expression? Authorship of a work in the light of the protection of human rights

Unlike the author’s economic rights, the authorship of a work as well as other moral rights should not necessarily be classified as a kind of intellectual property. If literature presents the problems of copyright as an element of intellectual property, this is done in reference to economic rights. The issues connected with moral rights appear then as the background condition for economic rights to arise. However, according to the will of the legislator, the nature of these rights was formed in a different way. While economic rights are a kind of intellectual property, the authorship of a work should rather be viewed as a phenomenon at the intersection of the right to privacy (particularly at the stage of an already established but not yet completed work) and the right to freedom of expression (from the moment of the exercise of other moral rights and the moment of taking a decision to make a work public under the author’s own name). The right to withhold authorship cannot be interpreted as the right to change the author by agreement of the interested parties

Istota międzynarodowych zobowiązań Polski z zakresu wolności wypowiedzi na tle rozwiązań krajowych

Freedom of expression is protected by law regardless of the form in which any expression is presented. Responsibility is a necessary element of freedom of expression. This follows both from statutory law, the interpretation of this law developed by judicial decisions, and from the views expressed in the doctrine.Wolność wypowiedzi podlega ochronie prawnej bez względu na formę, w której wypowiedź ta została wyrażona. Odpowiedzialność jest immanentnym elementem wolności wypowiedzi. Wynika to zarówno z prawa stanowionego, wykładni tego prawa wypracowanej przez orzecznictwo, jak i poglądów prezentowanych w doktrynie

History of bone marrow transplantation in Poland

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie historii przeszczepiania szpiku w Polsce. Okazją do jej przypomnienia jest zbliżająca się 30 rocznica pierwszego allogenicznego przeszczepienia szpiku w Polsce przez prof. Wiesława W. Jędrzejczaka (28 listopada 1984). Szczególny nacisk położono na analizę pierwszych prób podejmowanych przez prof. Jana Raszka (od 1938 we Lwowie) i prof. Zofię Migdalską-Romaniuk (od lat pięćdziesiątych w Warszawie). Zaprezentowano najistotniejsze kroki w rozwoju współczesnej polskiej transplantologii w zakresie przeszczepiania komórek krwiotwórczych, przedstawiono także aktualny stan tego leczenia w Polsce.The aim of this manuscript is to present the history of bone marrow transplantation in Poland in the advent of the 30th anniversary of the first successful allogenic bone marrow transplantation. This was performed on 28th November 1984 by prof. Wiesław Wiktor-Jędrzejczak. The first attempts were made by prof. Jan Raszek (from 1938 in Lwow) and prof. Zofia Migdalska-Romaniuk (from 1950s in Warsaw). These are analysed. The most important steps in the development of modern Polish transplantology in terms of the haematopoietic stem cell transplantation are acknowledged. The current status of this therapy in Poland is also described

Wpływ jakości informacji na korzystanie z wolności wypowiedzi

Both freedom of expression and information quality are socially significant issues. They are however treated separately in the studies to date. The subject of theoretical research, whose results are discussed in the present article, is the connection between the two problems. The objective of the article is to define the impact of the quality of information on the way freedom of speech is used. To achieve this, the following hypotheses are verified: 1) appropriate information quality is conducive to behaviors that are within the freedom to express opinions; 2) inappropriate information quality need not be intentional; 3) the deliberately wrong quality of information may result in situations that are not within freedom of expression; 4) it is possible to effectively counter the use of information of intentionally wrong quality. The article is of scientific and research character. The presented problems have an international scope.Zarówno wolność wypowiedzi, jak i jakość informacji są istotnymi społecznie zagadnieniami. W dotychczasowych badaniach są one jednak traktowane osobno. Przedmiotem teoretycznych badań, których wyniki zawarto w artykule, jest związek tych zagadnień. Celem artykułu jest określenie wpływu jakości informacji na sposób korzystania z wolności wypowiedzi. Jego osiągnięciu służy zweryfikowanie następujących hipotez: 1) właściwa jakość informacji sprzyja zachowaniom mieszczącym się w ramach wolności wypowiedzi; 2) niewłaściwa jakość informacji nie musi mieć charakteru zamierzonego; 3) zamierzona niewłaściwa jakość informacji może prowadzić do sytuacji, które nie mieszczą się w ramach wolności wypowiedzi; 4) efektywne przeciwdziałanie wykorzystywaniu informacji o zamierzonej niewłaściwej jakości jest możliwe. Artykuł ma charakter naukowo-badawczy. Podjęta problematyka ma zasięg międzynarodowy

OCCURRENCE OF FUNGI ON ANGELICA PLANTS Archangelica officinalis Hoffm.

Microscopic fungi are important in reducing of the quality of the herb material. This study concerns the fungi that may colonize the above-ground and underground organs of angelica (Archangelica officinalis). The study was conducted in the years 2008–2011 in the natural conditions of plant growth. Disease and etiological symptoms occurring on plants at the stage of 8-week-old seedlings, at anthesis and during the harvest were observed. T those dates the mycological analysis of the studied plants was conducted by artificial culture methods, taking into account schizocarps for sowing as well as the roots, stem bases and stalks, leaves, umbels and formed schizocarps. A total of 32 species of fungi, including those pathogenic to angelica and other herbs, were cultured and identified. These include species of the genera Colletotrichum, Phoma, Fusarium, Sclerotinia, Rhizoctonia, Ramularia and Phomopsis

PATHOGENICITY OF Phomopsis diachenii SACC. ISOLATES TO CARAWAY Carum carvi L. (Apiaceae)

Phomopsis diachenii belongs to the fungi recently detected on the herbs in the Polish climatic conditions. The purpose of this work was to study the fungus harmfulness to sowing material, seedlings, stems and leaves of caraway. The pathogenicity tests according to Koch’s postulates were carried out for 2 and 4 P. diachenii isolates using postculture liquids, water suspension of conidia and discs of fungus sporulating mycelium to inoculate the plants’ parts. The studies were conducted both in the laboratory and a climatic chamber. P. diachenii caused disease symptoms in the form of necrosis on all plant organs tested. The ability for asymptomatic P. diachenii colonization of inoculated plants’ parts was determined. It was found that injuries of the plant epidermal tissue significantlyincreased the efficiency of inoculation. The performed pathogenicity tests and the results from electron microscopy SEM observation showed that the tested isolates of P. diachenii were occasional pathogens of caraway

OCCURRENCE, HARMFULNEES AND MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURES OF Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Sacc. (TELEOMORPH: Glomerella cingulata (Stonem.) Spauld. et Schrenk)

The occurrence of plant diseases is determined by the interaction of three factors – pathogen, susceptible host plant and environment. C. gloeosporioides is a polyphagous species occurring in different geographical regions of the world. The present work shows results from 10 years of studies concerning the occurrence C. gloeosporioides on various crops including herbs (spices) and medicinal plants in South-East Poland. The presence of the pathogen causing plant anthracnose was detected on the above-ground parts of angelica Archangelica officinalis Hoffm, thyme Thymus vulgaris L., caraway Carum carvi L. and elder Sambucus nigra L. However, the epidemic occurrence of this fungus was recorded on ornamental lupine plants in the years 1999–2001 as well as on angelica plants and elder umbels in 2010, i.e. during the vegetative periods with temperatures above 20oC and frequent rainfalls. In these conditions the intensive sporulation of pathogenduring the necrotrophic phase of growth was the essential diagnostic factor. Mineral and malt extract culture media were convenient for the isolation of fungus while PDADifco medium for identification