A Major Wrong on a Private Right of Action Under the Voting Rights Act

In Brnovich v. Democratic National Committee, Justice Neil Gorsuch posited in a short concurrence that Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act (“VRA”) does not confer a private right of action. That idea seemingly came out of nowhere, as Supreme Court precedent was clear and no one had suggested that the VRA did not allow private parties to bring suit. Justice Gorsuch’s one-paragraph concurrence was both unsupported and wrong. Even the single case he cited did not support his proposition. An Arkansas district court and then the Eighth Circuit, however, followed Justice Gorsuch’s lead, ruling that only the federal Department of Justice (“DOJ”) may bring suits to challenge voting practices that violate Section 2 of the VRA. These holdings are yet another attempt to further undermine the vital protections of the VRA. The implications of giving the DOJ the sole responsibility for bringing all Section 2 cases is stark, as it will ultimately lead to underenforcement of the Act. The plaintiffs, likely fearful of a bad decision from the Supreme Court that would apply nationwide, chose not to appeal. Therefore, at least in the states within the Eighth Circuit, the VRA has lost some of its force given that private plaintiffs cannot bring suit. History and precedent, however, show that Section 2 of the VRA implicitly confers a private right of action. Although the plaintiffs in the Eighth Circuit chose not to seek Supreme Court review, the issue is sure to recur. When it does reach the Supreme Court, the Justices should reject the Eighth Circuit’s holding and rule that private plaintiffs may bring claims under Section 2. More broadly, this episode shows that Justices should pay close attention to the seemingly offhand comments that other Justices make and refute them explicitly

A Major Wrong on a Private Right of Action Under the Voting Rights Act

In Brnovich v. Democratic National Committee, Justice Neil Gorsuch posited in a short concurrence that Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act (“VRA”) does not confer a private right of action. That idea seemingly came out of nowhere, as Supreme Court precedent was clear and no one had suggested that the VRA did not allow private parties to bring suit. Justice Gorsuch’s one-paragraph concurrence was both unsupported and wrong. Even the single case he cited did not support his proposition. An Arkansas district court and then the Eighth Circuit, however, followed Justice Gorsuch’s lead, ruling that only the federal Department of Justice (“DOJ”) may bring suits to challenge voting practices that violate Section 2 of the VRA. These holdings are yet another attempt to further undermine the vital protections of the VRA. The implications of giving the DOJ the sole responsibility for bringing all Section 2 cases is stark, as it will ultimately lead to underenforcement of the Act. The plaintiffs, likely fearful of a bad decision from the Supreme Court that would apply nationwide, chose not to appeal. Therefore, at least in the states within the Eighth Circuit, the VRA has lost some of its force given that private plaintiffs cannot bring suit. History and precedent, however, show that Section 2 of the VRA implicitly confers a private right of action. Although the plaintiffs in the Eighth Circuit chose not to seek Supreme Court review, the issue is sure to recur. When it does reach the Supreme Court, the Justices should reject the Eighth Circuit’s holding and rule that private plaintiffs may bring claims under Section 2. More broadly, this episode shows that Justices should pay close attention to the seemingly offhand comments that other Justices make and refute them explicitly

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Awareness among women towards rape prevention in Taman Indah Permai, Sepanggar, Kota Kinabalu / Celestina Paulus and Lizawati Macin

This chapter focuses on the background of the study, which is on the awareness towards rape prevention among women in Taman Indah Permai, Sepanggar, Sabah. Section 1.0 discusses the background of the study; section 1.2 explains the problem statement and section 1.3 states the research questions. On the other hand, section 1.4 states the research objectives and section 1.5 is on the information regarding the scope of the study. In addition, section 1.6 explains the significance of study and lastly section 1.7 is all about the definition of terms, terminology and concepts

On the Persson-Strang’s Identity for the Legendre Polynomials

We show an alternative proof of an identity given by Persson-Strang for the well known Legendre polynomials.&nbsp

Perfil lipídico en pacientes admitidos en unidad coronaria del instituto de Cardiología JF Cabral de Corrientes con síndrome coronario agudo. Evolución a corto y largo plazo.

Fil: Macin, Stella Maris. Instituto Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud. Fundación Barceló; Argentina.El presente trabajo de investigación, trata de describir el perfil lipídico de pacientes hospitalizados en la Unidad Coronaria del Instituto de Cardiologia de Corrientes y caracterizar su relación con eventos hospitalarios y a un seguimiento de 30 meses. El interés de la presente tesis doctoral, se centra en el estudio del perfil lipídico al ingreso de pacientes con síndrome coronaio agudo en Unidad Coronaria, el impacto como factor de riesgo cardiovascular, para adoptar preventivas que se puedan tomar en la población. En concreto, la investigación se centro en el análisis de uno de los factores de riesgo mas importante para el desarrollo de un síndrome coronario agudo y su relación con eventos a corto y largo plazo, con lo cual, y con la intención de lograr un mayor entendimiento y conocimiento se inicio un proceso investigativo que culmino en la elaboración de la presente Tesis Doctoral; la misma se estructura en cinco Capítulos. En el Primero de ellos, y a modo de introducción y contextualización del objeto de estudio, se presenta la magnitud de la enfermedad cardiovascular en el mundo y en Argentina; la dislipidemia, como factor de riesgo prevalente, y su rol fundamental en el síndrome coronario agudo, así como también los argumentos que justifican la elaboración de la presente investigación; en el denominado Marco Teórico, primeramente se describe la aterotrombosis, y sus complicaciones trombóticas, como afección de dimensiones epidémicas, el concepto de síndrome coronario agudo, su clasificación y se abordan las características de cada uno de los componentes del perfil lipídico colesterol total, colesterol HDL, colesterol LDL y triglicéridos; por último, la modificación del perfil lipídico luego de 24 horas de admisión por un síndrome coronario agudo. El Segundo Capítulo, se describe la justificación de la investigación, hipótesis, objetivos generales y específicos El problema de investigación, los objetivos de la misma y finalmente el diseño metodológico. El Tercer Capítulo, se refiere al procedimiento del estudio, el cronograma de actividades y el análisis de datos en que se desarrolla la investigación. En el Cuarto Capítulo; en base a los objetivos específicos planteados se agrupan los resultados y se formula la discusión con los mismos; finalmente, se exponen las consideraciones finales de la investigación y recomendaciones Y el Quinto y último Capítulo, en el sector Anexos se incluye el consentimiento informado utilizado en cada uno de los pacientes para desarrollar la presente investigación

Increase in childhood asthma admissions in an urbanising population

Objective. In South Africa, rapid urbanisation has increased the risk of childhood asthma. This report reviews the pattern of asthma admissions to the Paediatric Department of Ga-Rankuwa Hospital, South Africa, from 1986 to 1996. Design. Inpatient admission data were reviewed for 1986- 1996. A detailed analysis of the records of asthma patients admitted between 1992 and 1996 was done. Outpatient data were reviewed from 1992.Setting. Ga-Rankuwa Hospital, situated on the border of the Gauteng and orth West provinces of South Africa and serving a large black population in various stages of urbanisation.Main outcome measures. Trends in admission numbers and demographic characteristics.Results. Asthma admissions were 2.5 times higher in 1996 than 1986. The greatest increase in admissions was in the 1 - 47-month age group. The male to female ratio was 1.5:1. More patients came from urban than from rural areas. Admissions peaked during the summer. Re-admissions occurred most frequently within 3 months of the first admission.Conclusion. Paediatric asthma admissions have shown an increase in the past decade. This may be associated with changes in the environment of the community. There is a need for preventive programmes for asthma at community and national level

Detection of Blastocystis spp. in patients with urticaria and identification of subtypes using sequencing techniques

Blastocystis species are zoonotic protist commonly found in animals and humans. To date, 17 subtypes of Blastocystis have been identified, nine of which have been isolated from humans. This study aimed to determine the frequency of Blastocystis subtypes in patients diagnosed with urticaria and to explore the relationship between patient symptoms and Blastocystis subtypes. Stool samples from 100 urticaria patients and 100 healthy volunteers were analyzed for the presence of Blastocystis spp. using direct microscopic examination with the native–Lugol method and the subtypes were identified through PCR and sequencing techniques. A questionnaire was administered to the patient group to gather information on symptoms, socio–economic status, and hygiene practices. Blastocystis spp. was detected in 9% (9/100) of the urticaria patients and 5% (5/100) of the control group. The distribution of Blastocystis subtypes in the patient group was as follows: ST2 (n = 4, 44.4%), ST3 (n = 3, 33.3%), ST1 (n = 1, 11.1%), and ST4 (n = 1, 11.1%). In the control group, the distribution was ST3 (n = 2, 40%), ST1 (n = 2, 40%), and ST2 (n = 1, 20%). Regarding the relationship between symptoms and Blastocystis subtypes, 8 of 9 (88.9%) Blastocystis–positive patients reported rash, 7 (77.8%) experienced itching, 6 (66.7%) had fever, 3 (33.3%) experienced swelling, and 1 (11.1%) reported abdominal pain. Notably, bloating and abdominal pain were observed exclusively in patients with ST2. It is crucial to highlight the elevated prevalence of Blastocystis in areas where livestock farming is prevalent and the zoonotic cycle in the transmission of the parasite. While limited studies have suggested a correlation between Blastocystis subtypes and urticaria, the high prevalence of ST2 in urticaria patients may indicate its significant role in pathogenicity. The data derived from the patient questionnaire highlight a notable association between ST2 and symptoms such as bloating and abdominal pain, warranting further investigation

Effect of a gamified digital platform in increasing learning about the prevention of metabolic syndrome, obesity, and type 2 diabetes mellitus

Introduction: Gamified digital platforms allow non-health related individuals to learn about the prevention, management and treatment of obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether a new gamified digital platform increases learning about the prevention of metabolic syndrome, obesity, and T2DM. Methods: An exploratory, randomized, cause-effect study was carried out in 150 children between 10 and 12 years of age. Three exploratory, cause-effect experiments were designed to evaluate each one of the following pathologies: T2DM, obesity and metabolic syndrome. For each experiment, two study groups of 25 individuals each were formed. The experimental group was asked to use the digital platform that contained the information on the pathology under study in an animated storytelling and playful way. The control group received written information about each pathology. The assessment was carried out by applying a validated questionnaire including basic questions about the three diseases. This test was performed before and after the intervention. Results: We found a significant improvement (p<0.05) in the post-intervention knowledge acquired within the experimental group about metabolic syndrome, obesity, and T2DM when using the digital platform and compared to the control group. Children in the control group significantly improved their scores after the intervention compared to their baseline ones. Conclusion: Gamified digital platforms have the potential to be a novel primary prevention method for metabolic diseases. The present study allows us to conclude that any validated learning instrument increases knowledge about metabolic diseases. However, gamified digital platforms significantly increase learning compared to other types of methods (written information).Introducción: Las plataformas digitales gamificadas facilitan el aprendizaje para las personas no relacionadas con la salud sobre temas como son la prevención de la obesidad, el síndrome metabólico y la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2). Objetivo: El propósito de este estudio fue el de evaluar si una nueva plataforma digital gamificada incrementa el aprendizaje sobre la prevención del síndrome metabólico, la obesidad y la DM2. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio exploratorio, aleatorio de causa-efecto en 150 niños de entre 10 y 12 años de edad. Se diseñaron tres experimentos exploratorios de causa-efecto para evaluar por separado la DM2, obesidad y síndrome metabólico. Para cada experimento se formaron dos grupos de 25 individuos cada uno. Se pidió al grupo experimental que utilizara la plataforma digital con la información sobre la patología en estudio de forma animada y lúdica. El grupo control recibió información escrita sobre cada patología. La valoración se realizó aplicando un test antes y después de la intervención. Resultados: Encontramos una mejora significativa (p<0.05) en el conocimiento adquirido después de la intervención sobre las tres patologías al usar la plataforma digital y en comparación con el grupo control. Los niños en el grupo control mejoraron significativamente (p<0.05) sus puntajes después de la intervención en comparación con sus valores iniciales. Conclusión: Las plataformas digitales gamificadas representan un método novedoso de prevención primaria de enfermedades metabólicas. El presente estudio permite concluir que cualquier instrumento de aprendizaje validado aumenta el conocimiento sobre las enfermedades metabólicas. Sin embargo, las plataformas digitales gamificadas aumentan significativamente el aprendizaje en comparación con otros métodos (información escrita)